Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole

The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public - and what private - lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research.     

Contributions of Emergent Literacy Skills to Name Writing, Letter Writing, and Spelling in Preschool Children

The purpose of this study was to examine which emergent literacy skills contribute to preschool children's emergent writing (name-writing, letter-writing, and spelling) skills. Emergent reading and writing tasks were administered to 296 preschool children aged 4-5 years. Print knowledge and letter-writing skills made positive contributions to name writing; whereas alphabet knowledge, print knowledge, and name writing made positive contributions to letter writing. Both name-writing and letter-writing skills made significant contributions to the prediction of spelling after controlling for age, parental education, print knowledge, phonological awareness, and letter-name and letter-sound knowledge; however, only letter-writing abilities made a significant unique contribution to the prediction of spelling when both letter-writing and name-writing skills were considered together. Name writing reflects knowledge of some letters rather than a broader knowledge of letters that may be needed to support early spelling. Children's letter-writing skills may be a better indicator of children's emergent literacy and developing spelling skills than are their name-writing skills at the end of the preschool year. Spelling is a developmentally complex skill beginning in preschool and includes letter writing and blending skills, print knowledge, and letter-name and letter-sound knowledge.     

共产国际、俄共（布）对于中国革命联合对象的选择——以吴佩孚、陈炯明和孙中山为例

共产国际、俄共（布）的对华政策具有双重性：一方面,推进中国革命与东方革命,以便打击帝国主义后方,摧毁其殖民体系,从而推动世界无产阶级革命;另一方面,要同当时中国的合法政府——北京政府,甚至地方军阀保持外交和经济关系,从而保留沙俄在中国遗留的部分特权。共产国际与俄共（布）最初选择掌握北京政府实权的吴佩孚为合作对象,后又极力促使吴佩孚与孙中山组成亲俄政府,还曾瞩目于南方的实力派陈炯明。几经波折之后,才把关注的重心转向实力和地位不断上升的孙中山。     

谈对外与对内汉语拼音教学的差异

对内和对外汉语拼音教学在学习者、教学目标、教学模式等方面存在巨大差异.《汉语拼音方案》的外汉教学过程中,普遍存在着策略上和技巧上的盲点与误区.《汉语拼音方案》中的隐蔽性机制在对外汉语教学中应当进行特殊的处理和阐述.     

英汉诗歌常用音韵修辞手段对比探析

英汉诗歌在音韵修辞手段上存在着异同点,通过对比摹声与Onomatopoeia,双声、叠韵与Alliteration,Assonance以及谐音双关等三个方面,探析出现此种情况的原因,即：语音系统、构词方法的差异、文化背景的特质、诗歌语言的特性、认知与审美的影响等,以论证英汉诗歌音韵修辞手段的使用是为了达到美韵、美意、美境的效果。     

国际大型体育赛事与中国国家形象的时代特征及发展机遇*

我国从近代开始参与国际大型体育赛事,到目前为止已经成为参与、举办国际大型体育赛事较多的国家。在不同的历史阶段,国际大型体育赛事提升国家形象表现出不同的时代特征。当前,一带一路国家战略的积极实施、中国特色大国外交战略的积极推广以及体育强国建设的全面推进,为国际大型体育赛事提升国家形象带来了崭新的发展机遇。     

21世纪奥林匹克运动:新的社会-经济考量

阐述近10多年来积累的在积极商业化条件下发展奥林匹克运动的经验。回顾奥林匹克运动的领导人、广泛的社会阶层对发展奥林匹克竞技运动态度的进步;指出基本完成了国际奥林匹克运动对新的社会-经济现实和世界市场要求的适应过程;实施市场计划保障了奥林匹克运动财政稳定性和经济的独立性,为支持各大洲的奥林匹克运动奠定了坚实的物质基础,为培养参加奥运会的运动员提供了优良的条件。     

我国民族传统体育文化对外传播的瓶颈分析

我国民族传统体育文化根植于中华文明之中,也是世界体育文化的一朵奇葩,但在国际上并没有取得相应的话语权。经历了北京奥运会的狂欢,在体育大国向体育强国转变的大背景下,对我国民族传统体育文化进行理性审视是十分必要的。文章从传播信息、传播媒介、传播效果等方面分析了我国民族传统体育文化对外传播中的瓶颈,并提出了相应的改进策略,以期为扩大民族传统体育文化的国际影响力提供借鉴与参考。     

环青海湖国际公路自行车赛的SWOT分析

随着我国市场经济体制的建立和逐步完善,体育竞赛也正逐步走向市场化。运用SWOT分析方法,对环青海湖国际公路自行车赛事所具备的优势、劣势以及所面临的机会与威胁进行了分析,并提出了相应的发展对策,为环湖赛决策者们提供战略决策依据。