Documenting Non-Russian Immigrants from Russia

SUMMARY

This article describes materials relating to the history of German settlers in the United States who arrived by way of Russia, sometimes having lived in that country for generations. They had left the German territories primarily for religious reasons, though some came to Russia for the land. Later, discrimination policies by the Russian and Soviet governments and tales of opportunity in the United States drew many to leave Russia for the New World. Most of them settled in the Midwest (Nebraska, Kansas), founding Mennonite, Catholic, and Lutheran colonies, and in some cases, colleges and historical societies, where a good deal of information on their migrations has been preserved.     

The Origins of the Freedom to Read Foundation: Public Librarians' Campaign to Establish a Legal Defense against Library Censorship

This article examines public librarians' experiences with attempted censorship, including their dismay, anger, and disappointment with fellow librarians and their professional organizations, which those under attack found apathetic in safeguarding user rights and protecting their jobs as library professionals. Some of these librarians became the activists who campaigned for the creation of the American Library Association's (ALA) legal defense machinery, along with other primarily young progressive librarians, who pushed forward their own agenda. This study highlights these public librarians' struggles, which made the Freedom to Read Foundation (FTRF) and ALA leading professional organizations in championing intellectual freedom. The study focuses on cases that shaped ALA's policy that led to the establishment of a defense mechanism for librarians in the late 1960s and 1970s. It also examines the extent to which ALA upheld the organization's professional credo and its members' rights.     

费正清视阈中的毛泽东时代及其启示

费正清不仅是美国著名的中国史专家,同时也是毛泽东时代的见证者和记录者.费正清基于自己的切身体验和观察思考,认为毛泽东所领导的革命是一场“为了老百姓”而重建中国的革命,给中国和中国人民带来的是福音;毛泽东所领导的社会主义建设虽出现过一些失误,但仍不失为是一个伟大的创造性成就.无论是毛泽东所领导的革命还是社会主义建设,都是由为中华民族谋独立、解放、繁荣和为中国人民谋自由、民主、幸福这两大梦想所推动.     

纽曼大学理想的人性假设探析

作为第一部阐述大学理想的著作,纽曼从大学是传授普遍知识的定义出发,在强调大学传授自由知识和提供自由教育的基础上,提出了大学的理想在于具有理性的、良好的社会人的培育。隐藏在纽曼的大学理想背后的是其关于"人是宗教和理性的存在﹑是社会的存在"的人性假设,纽曼大学理想的人性假设对我国现阶段高等教育目的的确定具有重要启示价值。     

时代束缚的反叛 追求自由的颂歌——文学伦理学批评方法解读《无名的裘德》

《无名的裘德》所反映的伦理观,尤其是宗教观、婚姻观及自由观,在当时的英国社会遭受了广泛攻击。文章通过文学伦理学批评方法对作品中所描绘的婚姻、宗教道德观进行了阐释,进而分析主人公裘德、淑在追求自由爱情过程中面临的道德困境、两人爱情悲剧的成因,以及哈代在作品中通过两个主人公体现出的违逆时代的思想倾向。     

Knowing the subject matter of a secondary‐school science subject

This paper examines the fundamental yet largely neglected distinction between school subjects and academic disciplines in the discourse on teachers’ specialized subject‐matter knowledge. It analyses and critiques the curricular positions embedded in that discourse in the light of five possible relationships between school subjects and academic disciplines. Invoking Dewey’s logical‐psychological distinction and research findings, the paper argues that the subject matter of a secondary‐school science subject instead of the subject matter of its parent academic discipline lies at the heart of secondary‐school science teachers’ specialized subject‐matter knowledge. Knowing such subject matter entails knowing five intersecting dimensions: the logical, the psychological, the pedagogical, the epistemological, and the sociocultural. Implications are drawn concerning theorizing about what secondary‐school science teachers need to know about the subject matter they are expected to teach, subject‐matter preparation for teaching, and the development of secondary‐school science curriculum materials.     

Jurisprudence as performance: John Brown's enactment of natural law at Harper's Ferry

As members of the public and private sphere, we are constantly intrigued by the question of the nature, scope, and limitations of dramatic appeals that are made to a higher justice that appears to exist along side the established order and the “rule of law.” While as Americans we often view ourselves as constitutionalists, obedient citizens who acknowledge the legitimacy of the positive laws instantiated through the decisions of the government, at the same time we are mesmerized by the words and deeds of revolutionaries who have been willing to shed blood in the name of a higher law. Using the John Brown trial as a case example, the essay argues that our jurisprudential norms are co‐produced by both text writers and their audiences. By adapting a performative stance, we can perhaps gain a better understanding of the selectivity and inventiveness involved in legal decision making.     

“Sighting” the public: iconoclasm and public sphere theory

This essay considers the ways that iconoclasm, or the will to control images and vision, appears in canonical and contemporary public sphere theory. John Dewey and Jürgen Habermas enact a paradoxical relation to visuality by repudiating a mass culture of images while preferring “good” images and vision. Yet even when advocating for good vision, both theorists activate a subtle iconoclasm that operates as a perennial tension in their work. The essay concludes by considering the ways in which iconoclasm manifests itself in more recent scholarship in rhetorical studies and suggests circulation as an analytic concept with some promise for helping public sphere theorists develop a more iconophilic relationship to images and vision.     

“A Capital and Novel Argument”: Charles Darwin's Notebooks and the Productivity of Rhetorical Consciousness

With the rise of poststructuralist critiques of the autonomous subject, attention has shifted from the nature of “intentional persuasion” to the constitutive nature of discourse. Although this turn has led to valuable new insights into the nature of rhetoric, it also threatens to discount one of the most vital contributions of the rhetorical tradition—the nature of rhetorical invention. This essay seeks to recover the notion of invention by drawing from John Dewey's naturalistic interpretation of experience. In Dewey's framework, “consciousness” is neither the private contents of thought nor a point of articulation for social discourse, but a practice of manipulating public meanings as a means of responding to problematic situations. I then use Dewey's notion to advance the concept of a “rhetorical consciousness,” which I define in terms of the sophistical principles of imitatio and dissoi logoi. To demonstrate the pragmatic significance of this concept, I then show, through an analysis of Charles Darwin's notebooks, how Darwin employed his own rhetorical consciousness within his struggle to invent the revolutionary arguments that led up to his publication of On the Origin of Species. My hope is that this naturalistic interpretation of rhetorical invention will contribute to the ongoing project of cultivating a more intelligent, critical, and creative citizenry through the application of classical rhetorical principles to contemporary democratic forms of education in both the arts and sciences.     

Acknowledgements

We sought to examine empirically the prevailing assumption that changing assessment can leverage curricular reform. This assumption has been significantly confirmed by our research for the case of mandated high-stakes assessment. Two studies were conducted in the two most populous Australian states, New South Wales and Victoria. In the final two years of secondary school in both states, courses of study and assessment arrangements are mandated for all schools, including the private sector, by the state's Board of Studies. Congruence between mandated assessment and schoolwide instructional practice was found in two states whose high-stakes assessment embodied quite contrasting values.