青少年健康心理品质的培养

目前我国青少年的不健康心理主要表现在脆弱、任性、懒惰、冷漠、忌妒、虚荣偏执、自负等方面,造成这些不健康心理的原因是多方面的。培育青少年健康心理需要家庭、学校、社会共同努力。     

家庭暴力及其对青少年犯罪的影响

家庭暴力和青少年犯罪作为共存于家庭和社会的两大问题,二者之间存在着密切的联系。家庭暴力是导致青少年犯罪的一个重要原因。就家庭暴力对青少年犯罪的影响进行深入的分析,并提出了一些防控措施来预防和减少青少年犯罪。     

Post-traumatic stress and related symptoms among juvenile detention residents: Results from intake screening

BackgroundJuvenile justice-involved youth have high rates of trauma exposure, physical and sexual abuse and PTSD. Several factors have been found to be related to PTSD symptoms in youth including number and chronicity of traumatic events.ObjectiveTo simultaneously examine the relationships between allostatic load (defined here as number of traumatic experiences), poly-victimization (exposure to two or more forms of victimization based on 5 of the 6 categories in Ford et al.’s 2010 study), physical/sexual abuse and PTSD in justice-involved youth.Participants and SettingThe sample consisted of 1984 youth in juvenile detention in a Northeastern city. The sample was 73.4% male and the majority of youth were either African American or Hispanic.MethodsClinicians collected demographic and psychosocial information, and measured symptoms of PTSD, depression, and problematic substance use.ResultsResults showed that youth with more traumas, those who experienced poly-victimization and those who experienced physical/sexual assault/abuse were not only more likely to have PTSD, but also more likely to have depression, thoughts of suicide/self-harm, and problematic substance use (as indicated by the presence of 2 or more of 6 possible indicators). Poly-victimization was a stronger correlate of PTSD than number of traumas or physical/sexual assault/abuse. However, among youth with PTSD, number of traumas was associated with co-occurring problems while poly-victimization and physical/sexual assault/abuse were not.ConclusionsFindings can be used to help direct resources to juvenile justice-involved youth who are most in need of treatment.     

Moderating effects of personal strengths in the relationship between juvenile victimization and delinquent behaviors

BackgroundRobust evidence suggests a strong association between juvenile victimization and delinquency. Yet, there is a lack of research on the protective factors at the individual level that may buffer the relationship between victimization and delinquent behaviors.ObjectivesThis study adopted a positive psychology perspective to examine the effects of three types of personal strength (self-regulation, interpersonal, and intellectual) on the relationship between different types of victimization and delinquency.Participants and SettingData were collected from 631 Chinese migrant children (mean age = 10.52 ± 0.92 years) via convenience sampling.MethodsParticipants completed a self-reported questionnaire that assessed experiences of victimization in family, interpersonal, and community settings, involvement in delinquent behaviors, and personal strengths.ResultsThe prevalence of different delinquent behaviors was significantly higher in the victimization groups than in the non-victimization groups. Regression analyses revealed that all three types of personal strength served as direct predictors of delinquency (B_{self-regulation} = −0.46, SE_{self-regulation} = .09, p < .001; B_{interpersonal strength} = −0.23, SE_{interpersonal strength} = .06, p < .001; B_{intellectual strength} = −0.19, SE_{intellectual strength} = .05, p < .001), while self-regulation further moderated the victimization-delinquency relationship. When self-regulation was high, the association between victimization and delinquency was significantly weaker than when self-regulation was low.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that personal strengths are important protective factors for youth exposed to experiences of victimization. Identifying methods to help victims recognize, develop, and use their personal strengths should be integral to support and intervention efforts for young victims.     

Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious,violent and chronic juvenile offenders

Among juvenile offenders, those who commit the greatest number and the most violent offenses are referred to as serious, violent, and chronic (SVC) offenders. However, current practices typically identify SVC offenders only after they have committed their prolific and costly offenses. While several studies have examined risk factors of SVCs, no screening tool has been developed to identify children at risk of SVC offending. This study aims to examine how effective the adverse childhood experiences index, a childhood trauma-based screening tool developed in the medical field, is at identifying children at higher risk of SVC offending. Data on the history of childhood trauma, abuse, neglect, criminal behavior, and other criminological risk factors for offending among 22,575 delinquent youth referred to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice are analyzed, with results suggesting that each additional adverse experience a child experiences increases the risk of becoming a serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offender by 35, when controlling for other risk factors for criminal behavior. These findings suggest that the ACE score could be used by practitioners as a first-line screening tool to identify children at risk of SVC offending before significant downstream wreckage occurs.     

青少年网球运动员目标定向特点的分析

以体育运动中的目标定向理论为基础,以辽宁省青少年网球运动员为研究对象,运用心理测量法,分析了辽宁省青少年网球运动员目标定向(即任务定向和自我定向)的特点。结果表明:辽宁省青少年网球运动员主导目标定向为任务定向;不同年龄、不同性别、不同运动水平的运动员在目标定向存在差别。     

青少年短跨运动员赛前竞技状态的培养及训练安排

通过对青少年短跑跨栏训练控制理论的研究,从赛前竞技状态的培养及训练安排方面探讨运动训练过程中训练进度控制以及重大比赛发挥的关系,以提高教练员在大赛关键时刻掌握训练、驽驭比赛的能力,使我们的运动训练更加科学化、系统化。     

试析我国市场经济体制下现阶段的青少年足球训练管理体制

本文通过分析,指出了现阶段的足球训练管理体制是一种俱乐部二三线队、足球学校、业余体校、健力宝模式等多种形式并存的管理体制,并对这些组织形式的性质、存在问题以及发展趋势等进行了探讨。     

基于初级中学青少年体质健康发展推行跳绳课堂教学的探讨

随着社会的进步、国家教育体制的变迁、体育教育在国家各个教育阶段都受到了空前的重视,尤其是在中学阶段体育教育课程的变革更是社会持续关注的教育主流问题。无论从健身角度出发,还是从培养人锻炼意志品质,或是对体质健康发展相关技能的熟练掌握程度等方面的影响考虑跳绳运动加入到中学体育教育教学当中,不仅顺应了当前中学体育教育的基本规律,还能够让中国的民族传统体育项目更好地传承下去。     

Effects of gas supersaturation on lethality and avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation on acute lethality and avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang). The juvenile rock carp were exposed to water with different levels of supersaturation (105%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, and 145%) and depth of 0.20 m at 25°C for 60 h. Median lethal time (LT50) was used to assess the lethal responses corresponding to different levels of gas supersaturation. The results show that half of the juvenile rock carp died at the 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, and 145% levels of supersaturation, and the LT50 corresponding to different levels of supersaturation was 18.7, 15.4, 8.2, 6.6, 3.5, and 1.7 h. When the level of supersaturated water is below 115%, the mortality is negligible. Avoidance responses were observed 5 min after the fish were put into equilibrated water (99%, 0.08 m deep) and water with different supersaturated levels (105%, 115%, 125%, 135%, and 145%, 0.08 m deep) at 25 °C. The fish exhibited strong avoidance responses in supersaturated water when the gas supersaturation was above 135%. However, they exhibited an obvious preference to supersaturated water when the gas supersaturation was below 115%. Thus, the juvenile rock carp can likely survive in water with a supersaturated level of 115%.