翻转课堂的历史、现状及实践策略探析

翻转课堂自2012年被引入中国以来,在学者、教师、家长中引起不同反响。该文从与相关人群针对“翻转课堂”的访谈及相关文献研究入手,基于教育外界的Gartner技术炒作周期曲线(Hype Cycle)观察近年在国内中小学翻转课堂的发展概貌,审思翻转课堂的定位、假设、技术和流程;在与国际上的同伴教学、混合式学习、国内的“先学后教”等相近教学模式的比较中揭示翻转课堂的核心和本质,辅以对翻转课堂技术要素的分析,认为翻转课堂属于一种微创新。旨在为研究者和实践者对翻转课堂形成较为系统、冷静的认识提供借鉴,该文分析了翻转课堂的优势和局限,提出了模式适用范围、学习动机保持、教师基本素养、技术应用及课程体制等实践策略,以推动翻转课堂有效应用。在教师基本素养部分特别建议借助布卢姆(B·S·Bloom)认知目标分类学,根据认知规律和学生认知基础,对教学内容进行分析归类,以便在恰当的时机恰当地应用技术。     

关于促进全日制自考助学班学生自主内化学习的几点思考

本文针对当前全日制自考助学班学生的学习现状,提出应促进自主内化学习。认为自主内化学习是一种高效率、高质量、事半功倍的学习方式。这种学习方式的重点是"自主",核心在"内化"。自主内化学习就是要通过学生的自主学习,把爱学习的态度、会学习的习惯、能学习的能力内化于心,实践于行,从而沉淀为学生良好的学习品质。     

形成性评价在英文报刊阅读教学中的实践探讨

英文报刊阅读课程主要针对学生的阅读、翻译和语言综合运用能力进行培养.形成性评价运用于英文报刊阅读课程中,可以通过跟踪学习过程有效整合语言知识技能目标、文化目标和人文素养目标三者的达成度评价,这样不仅能够弥补以书面考试为主的终结性评价方式的不足,而且也有利于充分激发和维持学生的英语学习热情,培养学生的自我评价能力,发挥学生学习的主观能动性,培养学生的思辨能力、自主学习能力、自我管理能力和自我约束能力,在获得成就感的同时增强学习英语的自信心.教学实践证明,在英文报刊阅读教学中采用教师观察、自评互评、学习档案、访谈等形成性评价手段,能够充分尊重学生个体差异和学习优势,提升学习效果.与此同时授课教师可以及时发现英文报刊阅读教学中存在的问题,及时改进教学,提升教学效果.     

地方本科院校转型：政府思路与政策设计

由国家高层主导、各方给予积极回应的地方本科院校向应用型转型的工作在2013年全面启动。目前,国家层面推进本科高校转型工作主要体现出三大特征,即领导高度重视、政策体系初步形成、国家教育行政部门有序推进。地方层面在《国务院关于加快发展现代职业教育的决定》发布近1年来,有23个省、市、区发布了实施意见,其中都有针对性地就“推动普通本科高等院校转型”或“探索发展应用技术型本科教育”进行了规划部署,但在总体要求、转型目标、转型任务和保障措施等方面也根据区域实际做出侧重点有所不同的政策安排。     

The representation of fraction magnitudes and the whole number bias reconsidered

Two experiments investigated the whole number bias in the representation of fraction magnitudes with adults. A fraction magnitude comparison task was used where half of the comparisons were consistent with whole number ordering and the other half were not. Distance effects were found in Experiment 1 indicating that participants were comparing the magnitude of the whole fraction rather than just the parts. However, accuracy and response time also depended on the comparisons' consistency with whole number ordering. Experiment 2 manipulated the distance between the fraction pairs and showed that the whole number effect was strongest when the distance between the fraction pairs was very small. The results suggest that even skilled adults do not always have direct access to a fraction's magnitude on the number line. When the magnitudes are especially close together, adults may rely on alternative implicit or explicit strategies, such as examining the whole number parts, to evaluate the comparison.     

在大学英语教学中整合自主学习与合作学习的效能研究

随着“以学生为中心”的教学理念的深入,自主学习和合作学习已被广泛应用到英语教学的实践中。文章从自主学习和合作学习的基本内容、两者共同的理论基础角度,分析论述这两种学习模式可整合应用于英语教学。同时提出,自主学习中的个体性、独立性与合作学习中的互赖性、社交性可能存在矛盾的质疑。通过教学实验,调查学生自主学习与合作学习水平,得出学生两种学习能力不存在矛盾并且呈现中等正相关性。这两种学习能力实为互相补充、相辅相成,并可结合应用以提高英语学习效率。     

Interactions between Niche and Regime: An Analysis of Learning and Innovation Networks for Sustainable Agriculture across Europe

Abstract

Purpose: This paper aims to reveal, and contribute to an understanding of, the processes that connect learning and innovation networks in sustainable agriculture to elements of the mainstream agricultural regime. Drawing on the innovations and transition literature, the paper frames the analysis around niche-regime interaction using the notion of niche-regime compatibility.

Design/Methodology/Approach: 17 Learning and Innovation Networks for Sustainable Agriculture (LINSA) engaged in agricultural food production, non-food and rural development were analyzed. In line with the project's transdisciplinary approach data were collected in a series of participatory workshops.

Findings: Five modes of LINSA-regime interaction are distinguished based on compatibility. The level of LINSA-regime compatibility influences the extent of the diffusion of LINSA ideas and practices into the regime. However, interaction processes within these modes reveal multiple and diverse connections between LINSA and regime entities suggesting a more complex relationship exists.

Practical implications: A range of connecting processes and activities (for example, certification, exemption from regulation, facilitation of networking) can bring about effective LINSA-regime interaction and could be externally supported.

Originality/Value: Empirical evidence from 17 case studies provides valuable insights from a number of different contexts across Europe. By directing analysis of interaction at the level of LINSA (niche project), rather than at the macro level, the study offers an original perspective. It suggests that the transition to sustainable agriculture might be understood as a complex of interactive processes leading to a series of adaptive changes, rather than as regime change.     

Learning and Innovation in Agriculture and Rural Development: The Use of the Concepts of Boundary Work and Boundary Objects

Abstract

Purpose: The paper explores the role of boundary work and boundary objects in enhancing learning and innovation processes in hybrid multi-actor networks for sustainable agriculture (LINSA).

Design/Methodology/Approach: Boundary work in LINSA is analysed on the basis of six case studies carried out in SOLINSA project under a common methodology. In developing typologies of boundary work and objects, a grounded approach is used.

Findings: LINSA analysis demonstrates the dynamic character, diverse forms and multiple functions of boundary work and objects in three domains: learning, innovation, and sustainability. Addressing specific types of goals and actors leads to specific types of boundary work and boundary objects. Context-appropriate boundary work allows aligning differing actor attitudes, gaining increased external support, and developing LINSA. The concepts of boundary work and boundary objects are relevant in a broad range of divergent LINSA settings. Boundary work has its limitations, but its facilitation supports reaching LINSA goals.

Practical Implications: The paper proposes recognising context-appropriate forms of boundary work and skilful use of emerging boundary objects to both promote internal consolidation of LINSA and effective external communication to foster learning and innovation for sustainability.

Originality/Value: The paper provides insights into the forms, dynamic and outcomes of boundary work in LINSA in three key domains: developing shared knowledge base, co-producing innovation and negotiating sustainability.     

MPOC:大规模私有在线课程的设计与运营

从MOOC发展的动态来看,Coursera、中国大学MOOC、清华学堂在线等都在向SPOC转型,试图通过(在线课程)内容授权和在线课堂(Online Classroom)租赁的方式,寻找盈利模式。以SPOC为基础的MPOC(Massive Private Online Course),通过培养合格的网络辅导教师以及同时开设多个"班"的方式,实现大规模私有在线网络教学,很可能代表了MOOC未来的发展方向。MPOC与MOOC/SPOC,从在线课程的内容和教学活动设计来看,可以共享同一个网络课程设计方案,差异主要体现在运营阶段的班额、收费、师资配备等方面。MPOC课程设计要以学习者分析、教学目标分析等为出发点,注重教学内容的表达,设计有效的教学活动,使课程设计方案落实到教学实施的行为层面。北京大学MPOC课程从2006-2014年,不仅在"班"和"课"的层面上,建立了师生、生生之间的持续教学对话,还在教育机构(学院、大学等办学机构)的层面上,形成了虚拟教育组织和虚拟教学团队。这个成功探索,使"虚拟教育组织"和虚拟教学团队的领导和管理,成为网络教育下一步研究的重要课题。     

Do students learn what they teach when generating teaching materials for others? A meta-analysis through the lens of learning by teaching

Students can generate teaching materials for others. However, solid evidence of the learning effect for the student creating the material is needed. This meta-analysis aims to explore current evidence of the learning-by-teaching potential effect on students’ learning of the content they teach. A total of 23 articles were included in the meta-analysis, providing 62 comparisons between an intervention in which students were required to create a teaching material and an alternative condition. Possible moderators were examined as well (i.e., product, educational level, content area, and access to source material). Results show statistically significant differences in favour of creating teaching materials when compared to business-as-usual or alternative interventions, with an overall effect of 0.17. However, the type of product and the access to source material significantly moderate the findings. Audio-visual and visual materials considerably outperform textual materials. Having no access to the source material is better than having full access to it. No publication bias was detected. However, the type of control group moderates the findings: creating teaching materials shows a significant effect when compared to nonbeneficial interventions rather than to other expected beneficial interventions. Nonbeneficial interventions refer to business-as-usual or alternative interventions that are not expected to influence the outcome much, while beneficial interventions are those that are known or expected to have a positive effect. The findings are discussed based on the different views on the underlying learning-by-teaching mechanisms. Limitations as well as implications for practice, policy, and future research are underlined.