论“反英雄”形象从失败走向胜利

“反英雄”形象内涵丰厚,形式独特。从“反英雄”视角出发,契诃夫用幽默、嘲讽的手法给我们塑造了一个失败的“反英雄”形象,而约瑟夫＆#183;海勒却在《第22条军规》中为我们刻画了一个胜利的“反英雄”形象。二者虽都以一种荒诞怪异的方式揭露出“世界的荒谬”和“人的孤独”,但其作品中主人公的命运和结局却截然不同,由此缔造了失败向胜利的转变。     

Biology Teachers Designing Context-Based Lessons for Their Classroom Practice—The importance of rules-of-thumb

In science education in the Netherlands new, context‐based, curricula are being developed. As in any innovation, the outcome will largely depend on the teachers who design and implement lessons. Central to the study presented here is the idea that teachers, when designing lessons, use rules‐of‐thumb: notions of what a lesson should look like if certain classroom outcomes are to be reached. Our study aimed at (1) identifying the rules‐of‐thumb biology teachers use when designing context‐based lessons for their own classroom practice, and (2) assessing how these personal rules‐of‐thumb relate to formal innovative goals and lesson characteristics. Six biology teachers with varying backgrounds designed and implemented a lesson or series of lessons for their own practice, while thinking aloud. We interviewed the teachers and observed their lessons. Our results suggest that rules‐of‐thumb, which differed substantially among the teachers, indeed to a great extent guide the decisions teachers make when designing (innovative) lessons. These rules‐of‐thumb were often strongly associated with intended lesson outcomes. Also, teachers’ personal rules‐of‐thumb were more powerful in determining the lesson design than formal innovative goals and lesson characteristics. The results of this study encourage more research into how rules‐of‐thumb reflect teachers’ practical knowledge, for which suggestions are made.     

Learning from teaching: pre-service primary teachers’ perceived learning from engaging in formal Lesson Study

While there is abundant research reporting the impact of Lesson Study as a professional development framework for qualified teachers, its potential within initial teacher education remains relatively unexplored. We present a particular model of formal Lesson Study which has been experienced annually for a decade by Irish pre-service primary teachers. This study examines the perceived effects on learning of this Lesson Study model on a large sample of pre-service primary teachers (N?=?225) who worked in 45 different lesson study groups over a 10 year period (2008–2017). Data analysis reveals that participants’ perceptions of learning fell within two distinct themes namely ‘An awakening regarding teacher content knowledge’ and ‘Cornerstones of learner-centred practice’, each of which consisted of rich inter-connected sub-themes. As a result of engaging in Lesson Study, participants report an increased awareness of the importance of deep content knowledge in addition to adopting a learner-centred approach to their practice. Participants also believed that Lesson Study enhanced their professional knowledge and skills in the curricular area of focus (mathematics, in this case). While this study focuses on self-report data, these opinions are fundamental given research which proposes that interventions will fail if participants judge them to be ineffective.     

TELPS: A method for analysing mathematics pre-service teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge

A pre-service teacher's Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) and their personal constructs of teaching develop throughout their teacher education program. PCK integrates generic pedagogical knowledge, mathematical teaching methodology and knowledge of the discipline of mathematics and this paper reports on a survey that can be used to assess a pre-service teacher's PCK. TELPS (Teacher Education Lesson Plan Survey) was developed to determine the PCK of pre-service teachers during their teacher education program. TELPS is shown to analyse pre-service teachers' PCK with some indication that the pre-service teacher's development of PCK can be observed.     

船舶制冷空调系统对环境的污染及其控制对策

大气臭氧层的空洞已成为全球环境保护的焦点。中国的远洋运输船队是世界最大的船队之一。由于船用制冷空调系统在海运业的广泛使用,CFCs和HCFCs的使用使全球环境愈加恶化。从环保角度出发,本文介绍了国际上最新的CFCs和HCFCs的禁用日程及动向,比较了几种相对成熟的替代物,并从船舶制冷空调系统的操作和维护角度就如何避免环境污染提出了一些方法     

环境友好高硅沸石分子筛(MCM-22)的动态高效合成

在极低的n(H2O)/n(SiO2)条件下成功地合成了纯相、高结晶度的MCM-22分子筛.具体的合成条件为:n(HMI)/n(SiO2)为0.2～1.0,n(H2O)/n(SiO2)为12～20,n(SiO2)/n(Al2O2)为30～80.与n(H2O)/n(SiO2)=35条件下合成的MCM-22分子筛相比,低n(H2O)/n(SiO2)条件下合成MCM-22分子筛大大降低了HMI和NaOH的用量,不仅有利于降低MCM-22的合成成本,而且减少对环境的污染.     

Action research through lesson study for the reconstruction of teachers’ practical knowledge. A review of research at Málaga University (Spain)

ABSTRACT

This article aims to set out our discussions, reflections and research at Málaga University (Spain) in relation to Lesson Study (LS), as a cooperative action research process. The paper aims to summarise the main findings of ten years of research, addressing the concepts and dilemmas found both in forming teachers’ practical thinking and in the complex processes of reconstruction through LS. The results of our research provide evidence that it is a useful way to deal with the reconstruction of teachers’ practical knowledge in teacher training. Teachers’ practical knowledge should be more broadly seen as an active combination of theoretical knowledge, procedural knowledge and skills, attitudes, emotions, believes, and values: i.e. teachers’ practical thinking. Most of these personal and professional resources are unconscious, or rather sub-conscious. Changes in teachers’ practical thinking require more practical experience and reflexion: a dialectical process based around two key components: theorisation of practice and experimentation of reconstructed theory. The results of our research show that these dialectical process could be developed with LS as a particular way of developing AR, adding a complex, systematic, flexible and cooperative way of dealing with specific and contextual curricular innovation projects. We therefore conclude that LS could be a very useful path to follow in reconstructing teachers’ practical thinking from within, strengthening the professional teaching community.     

从优质课比赛看现阶段语文教学中必须理清的问题——对毕节市第四届小学语文优质课比赛的思考

中小学语文学科优质课比赛往往集中反映了中小学语文教学的现状,教师的教学理念和课程意识都在这里放大,优点和缺点都在这里展示,理清问题对语文课程性质、教师在学生学习活动中的作用、阅读教学的重点和现代信息技术运用的模糊和错误认识,有助于教师在教育教学实践中把握正确的教学方向,更好地实现语文课程的目标。     

School quality, clustering and government subsidy in post-apartheid South Africa

This paper examines a range of historical and geographic factors that determine the quality of public school education in post-apartheid South Africa. Empirical analysis shows, first, that population groups are still spatially segregated due to the legacy of apartheid, which implies that, given the positive correlation between school quality and school fees, quality education is concentrated in formerly white, coloured and Indian schools in areas where the majority is non-African. Second, school quality, measured by the learner-educator ratio, improves as school fee and government subsidy increase. In this sense, school fee can be decreased with an increase in government subsidy to maintain school quality. It is also shown that government subsidy is allocated to schools with lower quality and fees, increasing the number of subsidized teachers. To address the current imbalance, financial support to disadvantaged locales and schools should be strengthened further.