Greater lower limb flexion in gymnastic landings is associated with reduced landing force: a repeated measures study

High impact forces during gymnastic landings are thought to contribute to the high rate of injuries. Lower limb joint flexion is currently limited within gymnastic rules, yet might be an avenue for reduced force absorption. This study investigated whether lower limb flexion during three gymnastic landings was related to force. Differences between landings were also explored. Twenty-one elite women's artistic gymnasts performed three common gymnastic techniques: drop landing (DL), front and back somersaults. Ankle, knee, and hip angles, and vertical ground reaction force [(vGRF) magnitude and time to peak], were measured using three-dimensional motion analysis and force platform. The DL had significantly smaller peak vGRF, greater time to peak vGRF and larger lower limb flexion ranges than landing from either somersault. Peak vGRF and time to peak vGRF were inversely related. Peak vGRF was significantly reduced in gymnasts who landed with greater hip flexion, and time to peak was significantly increased with increasing ankle, knee, and hip flexion. Increased range of lower limb flexion should be encouraged during gymnastic landings to increase time to peak vGRF and reduce high impact force. For this purpose, judging criteria limitations on lower limb flexion should be reconsidered.     

Investigation of blood pulse PPG signal regulation on toe effect of body posture and lower limb height

Objective: To study the regulation of blood pulse volume via photoplethysmography (PPG) signal detected from toe, while the lower limb is passively raised in different height positions. Methods: Use a modified non-invasive PPG technique to detect the blood pulse signal on toe with infrared (IR) photo sensor. A protocol consisting of two postures, i.e., supine and 45° reclining, was designed to conduct laboratory trial in this study. During the period of performing the protocol of these postures, the lower limb was passively raised from the heights of 10 cm to 60 cm randomly and individually with sponge blocks underneath the foot. Results: In the supine posture, the higher the foot was passively raised, the more the blood PPG signal decreased. In the 45° reclining posture, the blood PPG signal increased at the beginning and then decreased in the foot height position from 10 cm to 60 cm. In both postures the normalized AC signal changes significantly while the normalized DC signal changes little. Conclusion: The toe PPG signals can obviously indicate the regulated blood volume change with the designated postural procedures due to the heart level position.     

下(上)半连续的等价定义及其证明

综述定义在一般拓扑空间上的广义实值函数的下（上）半连续的几种定义，并证明了它们的等价性。     

线性不等式约束优化问题的强信赖域算法

对一类带有非负边界约束的线性不等式约束优化问题进行了研究，提出了一种新的信赖域算法．该算法在内点法的基础上，把非负边界约束从一般的不等式约束中分离出来，化为信赖域约束的一部分，得到一个简单易解的子问题．在一定的条件下证明了该算法具有强收敛性，并给出了数值结果．     

对称三对角矩阵的QL方法论

QL(QR) method is an efficient method to find eigenvalues of a matrix. Especially we use QL(QR) method to find eigenvalues of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix. In this case it only costs O( n^2) flops, to find all eigenvalues. So it is one of the most efficient method for symmetric tridiagonal matrices. Many experts have researched it. Even the method is mature, it still has many problems need to be researched. We put forward five problems here. They are: (1) Convergence and convergence rate; (2) The convergence of diagonal elements; (3) Shift designed to produce the eigenvalues in monotone order; (4) QL algorithm with multi-shift; (5) Error bound. We intoduce our works on these problems, some of them were published and some are new.     

丢番图方程|(E~n-E~n)/(E-E)|=1的解数

设 a,b,c,k是适合 a +b =ck,gcd(a,b) =1 ,c∈ { 1 ,2 ,4} ,k >1 ,而且 k在 c =1或 2时为奇数的正整数 ;又设ε=(a + - b) /c ,ε=(a - - b) /c .证明了 :当(a,b,c,k)≠ (1 ,7,4,2 )或 (3 ,5 ,4,2 )时 ,至多有 1个大于 1的正奇数 n适合 |(εn -εn) /(ε-ε) |=1 ,而且如此的 n必为满足 n <1 +(2 logπ) /logk +2 5 6 3 .43 (1 +2 1 .96π/logk)的奇素数     

某类系统离散谱的上界估计

考虑某类系统离散谱的上界估计,利用分部积分、Rayleigh定理和不等式估计等方法和技巧,获得了用前n个特征值来估计第n+1个特征值的上界不等式,其估计系数与区域的几何度无关,其结果在物理和力学等领域中应用广泛。     

基于分簇波束成形算法的MIMO-OFDM系统信道容量的分析

提出了一种在有限反馈条件下多输入多输出-正交频分复用(MIMO-OFDM)系统中基于信道容量的分簇波束成形算法。该算法针对MIMO-OFDM系统在高信噪、低信噪比等不同情况时选择不同的波束成形向量来提升系统的容量。根据簇间、各子簇间均存在一定的相关性,设计出了次优波束成形算法。通过对所提出的算法仿真可知,在高信噪比、低信噪比情况下针对系统容量采用分簇的波束成形算法能够在一定程度上提升MIMO-OFDM系统在确定性信道与随机性信道的信道容量。     

三对角M矩阵的Hadamard积的最小特征值下界估计式的研究

研究了三对角M矩阵B和三对角M矩阵A的逆矩阵A-1的Hadamard积的最小特征值q(B°A-1)界的估计问题,利用A-1的元素新的上界估计式给出了q(B°A-1)新的估计式.若A=B,得到q(A°A-1)新的估计式.     

拓展训练在中国高校中的发展现状研究

通过查阅文献资料和各高校的课程建设实践．总结概括了拓展训练在中国高校中的发展状况．拓展训练自引入中国至今．在中国高校中的发展经历了尝试探索和多模式发展两个阶段．目前拓展训练在高校的发展正处在多模式发展阶段,其中作为独立课程开课是发展的主流,其优势在于时间上能充分保证项目任务的完成和训练的质量．更利于挖掘和体现拓展训练的内涵和作用．对学生的成长和综合素质的提高具有良好的促进作用．