Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to performance in selected physical tests

Abstract

The aims of the present study were (1) to analyse the physical demands of top-class referees and (2) to compare their official FIFA fitness test results with physical performance during a match. The work rate profiles of 11 international referees were assessed during 12 competitive matches at the 2003 FIFA Under-17 World Cup and then analysed using a bi-dimensional photogrammetric video analysis system based on direct lineal transformation (DLT) algorithms. In the first 15 min of matches, the referees were more active, performing more high-intensity exercise (P < 0.01) than in the first 15 min of the second half. During the second half of matches, the referees covered a shorter distance (P < 0.01), spent more time standing still (P < 0.05), and covered less ground cruising (P < 0.05), sprinting (P < 0.05), and moving backwards (P < 0.001) than in the first half. Also in the second 45 min, the distance of referees from infringements increased (P < 0.05) in the left attacking zone of the filed. There was also a decrease (P < 0.05) in performance in the period following the most high-intensity activity, compared with the mean for the 90 min. Time spent performing high-intensity activities during a match was not related to performance in the 12-min run (r ² = 0.30; P < 0.05), the 200-m sprint (r ² = 0.05; P < 0.05), or the 50-m sprint (r ² = 0.001; P < 0.05). The results of this study show that: (1) top-class referees experienced fatigue at different stages of the match, and (2) the typical field tests used by FIFA (two 50-m and 200-m sprints, followed by a 12-min run) are not correlated with match activities.     

Heart rate prescribed walking training improves cardiorespiratory fitness but not glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

In this study, we examined the effects of a supervised, heart rate intensity prescribed walking training programme on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. After receiving local ethics approval, 27 individuals (21 males, 6 females) with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an experimental (“walking”) or control group. Participants completed a Balke-Ware test to determine peak heart rate, peak oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O_2peak), and peak gradient. The walking group then completed a 7-week (four sessions a week) supervised, heart rate prescribed walking training programme, whereas the control group continued daily life. After training, participants completed another Balke-Ware test. Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were measured at rest. The results showed that walking training elicited 80% (s = 2) of peak heart rate and a rating of perceived exertion of 11 (s = 1). Peak heart rate and [Vdot]O_2peak were higher in the walking than in the control group after training (P < 0.05). Based on the peak gradient before training, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and there was a strong trend for [Vdot]O₂ (P = 0.09) and heart rate (P = 0.09) to be lower after training at the same gradient in the walking compared with the control group. These improvements increased walking peak gradient by 5 min (s = 4 min) compared with the control (P < 0.05). There was no change in fasting blood glucose or glycosylated haemoglobin after training. Despite no change in glycaemic control, heart rate prescribed walking improved peak and sub-maximal cardiorespiratory responses. The beneficial adaptations support the use of heart rate monitoring during walking in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Alterations in Strength and Maximal Oxygen Uptake Consequent to Nautilus Circuit Weight Training

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Nautilus circuit weight training program on muscular strength and maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O ₂ max) by comparing these effects to those produced by adhering to either a free weight (FW) strength training program or a running (R) program. Male college students who voluntarily enrolled in either a FW training class (n = 11), a Nautilus (N) circuit weight training class (n= 12), or a R conditioning class (n= 13) were subjects for this investigation. All groups participated in their respective programs 3 days per week for 10 weeks. Strength was assessed using a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer set at an angular velocity of 60° · s ^?1 and a damping of 2. The FW group served as the control group for the assessment of [Vdot]O ₂ max changes, while the R group served as controls for the assessment of strength differences. ANCOVA revealed that the N and R groups experienced significant (p < .01) increases in [Vdot]O ₂ max expressed in L · min ^?1 (10.9 and 11.4%), ml · kg ^?1 · min ^?1 (10.8 and 11.7%), and ml · kgLBW ^?1 · min ^?1 (7.1 and 7.5%) when compared to the FW group. There were no significant differences between the N and R groups. There were no significant differences among groups in final peak torque values (after covariance), and torque at the beginning and end of the range of motion for the knee extensors, knee flexors, elbow extensors, and elbow flexors. In general, isokinetic strength values elicited by the N group compared favorably to those generated by the FW group. It was concluded that for a training period of short duration, Nautilus circuit weight training appears to be an equally effective alternative to standard free weight (strength) and aerobic (endurance) training programs for untrained individuals.     

运动训练对大鼠睾丸组织NOS、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

目的探讨不同强度运动训练对大鼠睾丸组织NOS和细胞凋亡表达的影响及其与睾酮水平相关性。方法24只健康雄性大鼠,随机分为对照组,有氧运动组,大强度运动组,每组8只。采用递增强度方式进行跑台运动,训练过程共持续8周。测定大鼠睾丸组织NOS表达、细胞凋亡及血睾酮的含量。结果与安静对照组相比,有氧训练组大鼠睾丸组织NOS表达、细胞凋亡及血睾酮含量无显著性差异。而疲劳训练组大鼠睾丸组织eNOS和Bax表达显著升高(P<0.05),nNOSi、NOS和Bcl-2表达及血睾酮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。结论有氧训练大鼠睾丸组织NOS表达、细胞凋亡对血睾酮水平影响不显著;大强度疲劳训练大鼠睾丸组织NO过量表达,细胞凋亡明显增加,血睾酮含量显著降低。推测,大强度运动训练使大鼠睾丸组织NO过量表达,诱导睾丸组织细胞凋亡明显增多,从而抑制睾酮的分泌。     

Physical Activity Indicators,Metabolic Biomarkers,and Comorbidity in Type 2 Diabetes

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This study aimed (1) to compare physical activity (PA) indicators, metabolic biomarkers, and comorbidity, (2) to investigate the relationship between PA indicators and metabolic biomarkers, comorbidity and (3) to identify barriers to PA in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who are using oral hypoglycaemic agent (OHA) or combined OHA and insulin (OHAiN). Methods: Sixty-one patients were classified as patients using only OHA or combined OHAiN. Metabolic biomarkers (waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, comorbidity and PA indicators (self-reported PA, number of steps (NOS), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD)) were assessed. PA perceptions and reasons for inactivity were questioned. Results: The comorbidity (p = .013), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p = .026), total cholesterol (p = .008) and HbA1c (p = .020) were higher and PA level was lower (p = .007) in the OHAiN group. NOS was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p = .037) and negatively correlated with BMI (p = .007). 6MWD was negatively correlated with BMI (p = .014) and comorbidity (p = .004) in the OHA group. BMI was a significant predictor of NOS (adjusted R² = 0.242) and comorbidity for 6MWD (adjusted R² = 0.250) in the OHA group. The majority of the patients (OHA = 34.3%, OHAiN = 42.3%) reported “lack of time” as the most common barrier to PA. Conclusions: This study showed that patients on OHAiN have lower PA levels, poorer metabolic profiles, and higher comorbidity rates than OHA users. PA indicators were related with some metabolic biomarkers and comorbidity in only OHA users. The most common reason for inactivity was “the lack of time” in both groups.     

湖南省中小学“体育艺术2+1项目”体育技能类项目优化研究

基于优化湖南中小学"体育艺术2+1项目"体育技能类项目的目的,运用问卷调查和专家访谈以及不同学段和项群训练理论两种视角,研究发现湖南中小学生可以选择体育舞蹈、篮球、游泳、足球、乒乓球、羽毛球、形体操和跳山羊等项目,可以选择技能主导类表现难美型项群、技战能主导类隔网对抗型项群和技战能主导类同场对抗型项群中的体育项目;同时建议对体育技能类项目的选择和优化要因地制宜,符合地域特色。     

基于RMA2模型雨污排放沟渠的水动力特性分析

为了将合流制排放的污水中颗粒污染物沉积在特定区域,利用RMA2模型分析排放沟渠形态改造前后的流场变化,模拟结果看通过修整和改造后沟渠内流速降低,有利于颗粒物沉降,改造方案切实可行。     

光源对TiO2纳米粉体催化效果的影响

以钛酸丁酯为前躯体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2粉体,并通过TEM和XRD分析方法对其结构性能进行表征.检测结果表明:TiO2粉体由5-10nm的球形颗粒组成,晶型为锐钛矿型.通过在不同光源下催化降解水杨酸溶液,对其光催化活性及影响因素进行了分析.实验结果表明:紫外光下此TiO2纳米粉体的光催化活性较高.     

Origin法拟合Ni2FeAl超顺磁性的研究

Heusler合金Ni2FeAl甩带样品具有超顺磁性,铁磁相和顺磁相在高于Blocking温度时共存。本文运用M.Pissas等人对铁磁和顺磁相的研究方法,对Ni2FeAl的超顺磁现象进行Origin拟合研究,表明随着温度的增加系数α不断增大,铁磁在向顺磁转变,但仍处在超顺磁范围内。     

A tale of two literatures: Transaction costs and property rights in innovation outsourcing

This paper investigates the relative importance of property rights and transactions cost factors in driving the decision of firms to outsource innovation. Using data for over 8000 firms from the UK Community Innovation Survey, we find that property right factors dominate over transaction cost factors. Transaction cost variables are more important for process innovation, while property rights variables are more significant for firms involved in product innovation. In addition, we find that firms involved in process innovation have a higher probability of outsourcing innovation than firms involved in product innovation.