试析马歇尔计划的背景、原因及其实质

马歇尔计划是第二次世界大战后美国援助欧洲的复兴计划,它成功地挽救了西欧濒于崩溃的经济,是战后美国对外政策中最成功的例子之一。美国实施这一计划不仅是为了西欧的经济复兴和美国的经济利益,而且还希望借助欧洲的经济复兴来遏制苏联,确保美国的霸权地位。与一般的经济援助计划相比,马歇尔计划首次提出了"欧洲一体化"的观念,为西欧的经济复兴指明了方向。西欧各国在马歇尔计划的促进下建立了一系列经济合作机构,为此后的西欧统一进程奠定了基础。     

冷热媒介析

麦克鲁汉关于媒介冷热划分的理论独树一帜，曾经引起各种争论，对不同媒介的所属也存在诸多异议。麦克卢汉的冷热媒介论虽然有些怪异，但也给我们正确理解传播提供了诸多借鉴意义；关于冷热媒介的划分，可为我们认识社会提供新的视角；在传播效果分析上，冷热媒介的划分也给我们不少启示。     

从麦克卢汉思想看教育技术学的发展

传播学理论作为教育技术学的理论基础之一,在20世纪60年代为教育技术学理论基础的形成与发展起到了积极、重要的作用,但随后其影响逐渐减弱,学科发展呈现出过多依赖于心理学的研究与进展的态势,因此该文以解读麦克卢汉传播理论的核心观点为切入点,希望为丰富和发展教育技术学理论基础带来一点启示。     

媒介环境学视域下审美教育观念的变革与启示

"文字-印刷"媒介时代是一种机械文化,其分割化和同质化特征导致传统审美和美育具有鲜明的教化性。电子媒介带来的是一种非线性的有机文化,此时的审美更多的不是理性的深度思考,而是一种追求视听快感的身体模式,强调审美的深度参与和自由体验。一方面,审美的"自我-他者"的教化关系在后现代语境下被颠覆,强调对审美活动中"自我中心"的解构和他者的多元化体验;另一方面,告别了形而上的理性思辨传统,而密切关注人的生活世界和生存状态。因此今天的美育实践应该区别于传统美育,必须和新的媒介文化相适应,突出电子媒介时代审美的多元化和生活化特征,以培养审美主体的自由性体验和精神的超越性为根本目标。     

‘‘O Bottom,Thou Art Translated’’: Directing a Bilingual <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dream</Emphasis> in the Marshall Islands

A unique production of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream was staged in early 2004 by students of the Marshall Islands High School, Majuro, in the Central Pacific. The plays director, Andrew Garrod, describes the rehearsal process and performance of the play, in which the school students were supported by undergraduates from the Education Department of Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, spending a term teaching in the islands schools. The nature and worth of the learning experienced by the young actors, and their community, are considered in a context where Shakespeare and any kind of dramatic production are little known.     

COMPLEXITY THEORY AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS

Amongst the many calls for regulatory reform voiced in the wake of the global financial crisis, the contributions of Andrew G. Haldane and his colleagues at the Bank of England stand out as some of the most politically and intellectually ambitious. In 2009, Haldane, the Bank's Executive Director of Financial Stability, delivered a speech advocating the integration of complex systems theory (particularly as developed in the field of ecosystems science) into the toolkit of financial regulation. In an effort to understand what is at stake in such calls for theoretical and regulatory regime change, this article traces the prehistory of complex systems thinking in economics. It focuses special attention on two contributions to this minor tradition – the little-known later work of the Austrian neoliberal, Friedrich von Hayek, who elaborated a philosophy of spontaneous economic order on the basis of complex systems theory, and the more recent work of the so-called ‘new institutionalists’, economists who lay claim to the tradition of ‘evolutionary’ philosophy articulated by the neoclassical Alfred Marshall. These exemplary currents in economic complexity theory articulate very similar critiques of the neoclassical orthodoxy yet diverge sharply in their political commitments. This paper situates recent calls to import complexity theory into financial regulation in ambivalent tension between the Austrian and new institutionalist traditions. It concludes with some skeptical reflections on the notion that the financial crisis signals the ‘death of neoliberalism’.     

马歇尔计划与美国文化对西欧的渗透

在马歇尔计划执行前后,美国以援助为契机,利用中央情报局和各种文化载体在西欧进行了一系列公开或秘密的活动,包括文化炒作,其目的就是将援助和文化渗透结合起来,拉拢选民群,围剿西欧各国的左派,对抗西欧的共产主义、民族主义和其他反美情绪,最终实现西欧文化的美国化,在西欧建立符合美国意志的亲关政权。