对大学生心理健康研究现状的分析与思考

本文通过对国内外关于大学生心理健康方面的研究现状进行总结与分析,在介绍已有研究的基础上探讨该领域存在的问题和未来的发展方向,为今后我国在该领域的研究提供一些参考。     

竞技跆拳道对抗中的心理特征分析

跆拳道属于格斗对抗性项目，其项目特点和比赛规则决定了比赛双方必然会展开激烈的对抗．对抗过程中比赛双方斗智斗勇，心理因素起到至关重要的作用。对跆拳道对抗中的心理特征进行分析，有助于建立良好的心态，从而有效发挥技战术水平；并且针对不同的心理特征给出相应的心理对策，更加有助于比赛选手运筹全局．     

对棒球比赛中影响投手控制球能力的心理因素的分析及调控方法

运用心理学理论分析探讨棒球比赛中影响投手控制球能力的心理因素，以及如何进行心理调节，控制球能力的心理训练方法，为运动训练，比赛提供参考。     

Effects of performance feedback valence on perceptions of invested mental effort

We investigated whether the valence of performance feedback provided after a task, would affect participants’ perceptions of how much mental effort they invested in that same task. In three experiments, we presented participants with problem-solving tasks and manipulated the presence and valence of feedback between conditions (no, positive, or negative feedback valence), prior to asking them to rate how much mental effort they invested in solving that problem. Across the three experiments–with different problem-solving tasks and participant populations–we found that subjective ratings of effort investment were significantly higher after negative than after positive feedback; ratings given without feedback fell in between. These findings show that feedback valence alters perceived effort investment (possibly via task perceptions or affect), which can be problematic when effort is measured as an indicator of cognitive load. Therefore, it seems advisable to measure mental effort directly after each task, before giving feedback on performance.     

‘Happy when they arrive,happy when they go home’ – focusing on promoting children’s mental health creates a sense of trust at preschools

A need for research on young children’s mental health has been identified. Moreover, there is a need to enhance teachers’ skills regarding health promotion work in preschool. The aim of the study is to examine the impact of a specific course on mental health promotion among Swedish preschool teachers. Data were gathered through interviews and documentation. A qualitative content analysis was used. Three categories: ‘attention’, ‘belonging’ and ‘personal growth’ – and six subcategories emerged from the analysis. The latent content of these categories is described in the theme: ‘Increased awareness, in thoughts and actions, of promoting mental health may create a sense of trust at preschools’. The results show that a specific course to promote mental health enhanced the teachers’ awareness of mental health which improved their work with children. This contributed to the development of a sense of trust at preschools, which is important to children’s mental health.     

The disease burden of childhood adversities in adults: a population-based study

Objectives

There is much evidence showing that childhood adversities have considerable effects on the mental and physical health of adults. It could be assumed therefore, that the disease burden of childhood adversities is high. It has not yet been examined, however, whether this is true.

Method

We used data of a large representative sample (N = 7,076) of the general population in the Netherlands. We calculated the disability weight (DW) for each respondent. The DW is a weight factor that reflects the severity of a disease or condition on a scale from 0 (perfect health) to 1 (equivalent to death). We used an algorithm based on the SF-6D to estimate DW. Because the DW indicates the proportion of a healthy life year that is reduced by the specific health state of the individual, it also possible to calculate the total number of years lost due to disability (YLD) in the population. We calculated the years lived with disability (YLD) for 9 different childhood adversities (in the areas of parental psychopathology; abuse and neglect; major life events), as well as for major categories of mental disorders and general medical disorders.

Results

All 9 adversities resulted in a significantly increased DW, except death of a parent before the age of 16. Adversities in the category of abuse and neglect are associated with the highest DWs (0.057), followed by parental psychopathology (0.031) and life events during childhood (0.012). All adversities (46.4% of the population reports one or more adversity) are associated with 20.7 YLD/1,000, which is more than all mental disorders together (12.9 YLD/1,000). The category of abuse/neglect has the highest YLD/1,000 (15.8), which is also higher than all mental disorders together. Adjustment for the presence of mental and general medical disorders resulted in comparable outcomes.

Conclusions

Childhood adversities are more important from a public health point of view than all common mental disorders together, and should be a priority for public health interventions.     

Changes in parental depression symptoms during family preservation services

Objectives

Parental depression symptoms often change over the course of child welfare family preservation and parenting services. This raises the question of whether certain processes in family preservation services might be associated with depression symptom change. This study tests three correlational models of change among family preservation service participants: (a) changes in depression symptoms are one facet of broad general changes in wellbeing; (b) the quality of the home visitor-client relationship is associated depression symptom changes; and (c) linking parents to adjunctive services is associated with symptom changes.

Methods

Participants were 2,175 parents in family preservation services, largely for child neglect, who were surveyed using standard measures at pre-treatment, post-treatment and 6 month follow-up. Change patterns were evaluated using growth models, including bivariate parallel and multivariate second-order models.

Results

Parallel growth was noted among depression symptoms and changes in social, economic, familial, and parenting domains. A second order change model positing a global change pattern fit the data well. Working alliance had a modest association with improvement, but successful linkage to outside mental health services was not associated with improvement.

Conclusions

Changes in diverse indicators of wellbeing follow a global pattern which might support use of less complex rather than more fully comprehensive service plans. Findings about lack of adjunctive usual care mental health service benefit may be related to uncontrolled factors and this is a topic in need of additional study.     

天津市普通高校开设心理素质拓展训练课程的调查与分析

运用问卷调查、访问调查等研究方法,对心理素质拓展训练课程在天津市普通高校的发展现状、大学生心理素质状况、拓展训练课的内容与形式、开展拓展训练课程的作用以及学生的需求等方面进行深入的调查分析,旨在为在普通高校全面开设心理拓展课程提供理论依据。     

基于阅读疗法的大学新生心理障碍综合干预个案研究

针对大学新生心理障碍患者已使用药物治疗的个案背景,选用短篇文献,进行引领阅读启发思考、指导作业强化认知和交流讨论净化心灵的阅读治疗。同时停止使用药物治疗,综合运用＂同伴疗法＂、＂家庭疗法＂、＂体能训练法＂和＂实践领悟法＂等心理治疗方法进行8次治疗。跟踪一年,案主无论在学习还是在人际关系方面表现优良,得到同学和老师的广泛认可。证明：基于阅读疗法的综合干预,是使大学新生心理障碍患者在认知、情感及行为诸方面发生积极变化,消除心理障碍,促进个性成长、人格完善,从而使其达到心身健康的有效方法。