论梁武帝崇佛之原因

梁武帝萧衍是魏晋南北朝时期梁朝的开国帝王。他即位后,鉴于宋齐两代因争帝位而被杀者达十人之多,牵连而被杀的贵族数不胜数。因此,为了协调各方面的关系和保持社会秩序的稳定,他选择了用佛教来治理国家,其目的有三:一是转移上层统治阶级的视线,削弱来自内部的威胁;二是扰乱人民的思想认识,麻痹人民的斗争意识;三是佛教的本土化发展趋势能促进政教结合。由于梁武帝的崇佛,虽然促使了佛教在中国的发展,但也加速了梁王朝的灭亡。     

Unexpected changes of itinerary – adaptive functioning difficulties in daily transitions for adults with autism spectrum disorder

Adaptive functioning skills, also known as adaptive behaviours, refer to a multifaceted concept defined as behaviours necessary for age-appropriate, independent functioning in social, communication, daily living or motor areas. In light of the growing population of children with ASD who will eventually become adults, increased understanding of adaptive functioning during the transition to adulthood is of importance, but current research in this area lacks first-hand evidence presenting adaptive skills difficulties among older adolescents and adults with ASD. This article focuses on adaptive functioning skills in daily transitions for adults with Asperger’s syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA). It draws on evidence from 12 interviews with individuals on the autism spectrum age 16–43, and 2 focus groups with 8 family members of people affected by ASD. Particular emphasis is placed on impact of adaptive functioning difficulties on well-being and quality of life for adults with ASD. Grounded theory approach has been used to analyse the gathered data. Interviewees reflected on daily challenges associated with unexpected changes in routine, sensory difficulties and social interactions. These in turn had an impact on their adaptive functioning skills by introducing complications in the process of making transitions between different contexts and decreasing interviewees’ ability to tackle challenges of daily life. Importance placed on societal expectations towards meeting bespoken standards and conforming to norms ruling the structure and interactions of daily life were also widely discussed. Frequently such expectations did not allow for factoring in the developmental nature of ASD and related difficulties, which as a result triggered additional complexity in managing daily transitions for adults on the spectrum. Further research addressing adaptive functioning skills in daily transitions for adults with ASD is needed.     

加强实践环节的铁路线路课程设计探索

线路课程设计是一门综合运用理论和专业知识的实践课程,对工程实际经验依赖性很强。本文分析了目前铁道工程线路课程设计培养现状,论述了加强实践环节的必要性,并开展了加强赴现场模拟踏勘、邀请线路设计专家入校讲解等尝试,以期为类似实践性较强的课程设计提供参考。     

试论报告文学特质的美学内涵

报告文学的活动是一种审美活动。报告文学文本的现实美来源于现实生活,表现在直接的无功利与间接隐伏着的功利性上;形象美在文本结构的巧妙安排、合理的想象和文学语言的运用等艺术感性形式中得以实现;新颖美要求文本在内容和形式上不断地创新;感染美既来自文本内容的真实,又来自文本具体生动的艺术形式,是文本真实的内容和完美、和谐的形式在审美高度上的统一。     

Infrared Absorption Spectra of Serpentine Cat＇s Eye from Sichuan Province of China

Infrared （IR） absorption spectra and X-ray powder diffraction （XRD） patterrns of sexpenfine cat＇s eye from Sichuan Province have been investigated, and infrared absorption bands of the serpentine have been assigned in this paper. The results indicate that the bands near 3 600 - 3 700 cm^-1 belong to the stretching absorption band VOH, the bands in 948 - 1 100 cm^-1 axe assigned to the stretching vibraling band Usvo, and the bands at 600 570 and 440 cm^-1 respectively belong to the bending vibration band VOH, δMg-O and δSi-O. The serpentine cat＇ s eye includes two types： chrysotile and antigorite. Chrysotile has a sharp and intensive band at 3 688 cm^-1 and a weak band at 3 643 cm^-1 , while antigorite has only one intensive band in the region. At vibration band VSi-O, chrysotile and antigorite have a similar feature at 1 071 cm^-1, but the band at 980 cm^-1 in anfigorite has been split into two bands in chrysotile - a strong one at 1 027 cm^-1 and a weak one at 949 cm^-1. In addition, antigorite has a characteristic bending vibrating band δMg-O at 570 cm^-1. Based on the analysis of the feature of crystal structure, their IR differences axe well explained.     

The Talking Drawings Strategy: Using Primary Children’s Illustrations and Oral Language to Improve Comprehension of Expository Text

Listening and reading comprehension can be assessed by analyzing children’s visual, verbal, and written representations of their understandings. “Talking Drawings” (McConnell, S. (1993). Talking drawings: A strategy for assisting learners. Journal of Reading, 36(4), 260–269 is one strategy that enables children to combine their prior knowledge with the new information derived from an expository text and “translate” those newly-acquired understandings into other symbol systems, including an oral discussion with a partner, a more detailed drawing, and written labels for the drawing. The Talking Drawings strategy begins by inviting children to create pre-learning drawings. These initial drawings are a way of taking inventory of a child’s current content knowledge about a particular topic. After pre-learning drawings are created and shared, children listen to or read an expository text (e.g., information book, passage from a textbook) on the same topic as their drawing. Pairs of students discuss the information and either modify their pre-learning drawings to be more detailed or create completely new drawings that reflect the recently-acquired information. Students are encouraged to label their drawings with words in a diagram or schematic fashion. By evaluating the “before” and “after” artwork, educators can identify advances in students’ reading and listening comprehension of the terminology, facts, and principles on a particular topic.     

"先锋"辨义和先锋小说

1985年起中国“先锋文学”成为了一种有相对固定指向的命名,实际上评论家对“先锋”的理解并不一致;但八十年代中国先锋小说的勃兴,毕竟显示了一批作家在新时期文学中的不懈探索和实验的可贵努力;而最终的失败,则是暗示了当代作家在吸收、借鉴西方现代文艺思想、技巧时的某些通病。     

仙道小说中服食松柏成仙情节的现实背景

现实生活中,在灾荒之年,人们往往会以松柏为食充饥;而在传统医学文献中,松柏还有治病的功效。魏晋之际,道教迅速发展,贵族与平民分别在自己生活的基础上创造了一些食松柏而成仙的故事,食用松柏成为道教修道成仙的一种方法。     

现代化中的农民问题

农民问题伴随现代化进程始终,只有在一个国家充分实现城市化后才能最后解决。西欧、拉美等地的农民转变受到其历史与环境上的特殊条件的影响,而东亚的“小农制”模式缓和了农民在现代化进程中所难免遭受的苦难,对我们具有重要的借鉴意义。解决我国目前的农民问题,需要新的思路:尤其是转向主要在城市解决农民问题而不只是在农村解决,转向主要依靠个人与社会来解决而不是像以往那样只依赖于政府与官员。     

孤独者的形象及其文化价值——走进鲁迅小说的孤独者形象世界

在鲁迅塑造的一系列人物形象中，孤独形象群未曾引起学研究的广泛关注，这无疑是一大缺失。孤独形象值得挖掘，因为他们有其化价值。从孤独类型及其化价值两个层面进行关注，可以充分揭示孤独的形象世界。