Does the Affiliation of Universities to External Organizations Foster Diversity in Private Higher Education? Chile in Comparative Perspective

The expansion of private sectors of higher education has usually been regarded as a factor of diversification in higher education systems. Some of this differentiation has been found to arise from the affiliation of private institutions with organizations outside the field of higher education. This article reports the results of a study of this form of interorganizational relationship in private universities in Chile. Cases include universities founded or sponsored by religious, business and military organizations. A typology of private universities is proposed, on the basis of the forms affiliation (or its absence), was observed to take in the cases examined. Weak and strong forms of affiliation are described, and affiliated universities are compared to “proprietary” universities, i.e., those owned by individuals who govern them from their positions in the board of directors, and “independent” universities, in which governance lies with internal – academic or administrative – constituents. Albeit derived from the case of Chile, the typology could be applied to the analysis of private higher education in other national systems. The second part of the article seeks to ascertain whether affiliation operates as a source of differentiation in Chilean private higher education. Results show that, compared to the other types of private universities, the affiliated ones possess distinctive mission statements and declarations of principles, consistent with the orientations of their sponsor institutions, they tend to be smaller, and to have more full-time and better qualified faculty. Some receive financial support from their sponsor organization or its members. Distinctiveness was not found in indicators of prestige and student selectivity, nor in tuition levels, program offerings, curriculum design, the weight of research and graduate programs in their functions, student socioeconomic profile, and faculty involvement in governance. This is not to say that there are no differences in these dimensions among private universities: much diversity exists, but most of it cuts across all categories of interest for our study. Overall, affiliation does not appear to be a strong factor behind the diversification that exists in the Chilean private university sector.     

论课程的分化与综合

本文从分科课程及综合课程的含义、分科课程的合理性及缺陷、课程综合化的必要性和局限性、分科课程与综合课程的关系等方面，阐述课程的发展仍需通过分科与综合这一基本关系的相互作用来实现，两种课程应当共同存在。到底是采用分科课程还是综合课程，要看它是否促进学生的发展，是否满足社会的需要。     

Visibility and differentiation: systemic testing in a developing country context

Why has large-scale standardised testing attracted such a bad press? Why has pedagogic benefit to be derived from test results been downplayed? The paper investigates this question by first surveying the pros and cons of testing in the literature, and goes on to examine educators' responses to standardised, large-scale tests in a sample of low socio-economic status (SES) schools in the Western Cape, South Africa. The paper shows that teachers and school managers have an ambivalent attitude to tests, wary of the reputational costs they can incur, but also curious about the differentiated picture test results can give them as they learn to ‘read’ the underlying codes embedded in the results. The paper concludes that a focus on what tests make visible and a recognition of the pedagogic agency of teachers points to potential pedagogic benefits of systemic tests.     

《宋诗纪事补正》疏失举正

《宋诗纪事补正》是钱钟书先生生前未曾面世的作，2003年1月出版。此书旨在补正清厉鹗《宋诗纪事》之错谬疏漏，但《补正》一书本身也仍有不少可议之处。本就书中按语和纪事的疏失，所补诗的作及字之误，以及失校、违例等，核查必要资料，选其中代表性的例子，予以举正。     

民族自治地方民族事务行政管理：问题及对策

中国民族自治地方人民政府由于具有管理民族事务的自治职能,因此除了民族事务委员会以外,其他政府职能部门也都不同程度地参与民族事务行政管理工作,这分化、弱化了民族自治地方民族事务委员会的职能,使其陷于“大到无所不管,小到无事可做”的窘境。对此,应制定自治条例将民族自治地方民族事务委员会与其他职能部门交叉的部分职能明确转移到其他职能部门,明确其管理民族事务的职能职责;强化民委保留的宣传、组织、协调、监督职能;恢复民委委员制,以有效发挥民委职能。     

基于差异化视角的人才培养模式构建与实践——以电子工艺与管理专业为例

基于学生生源结构、生源质量、性格特征和就业意向的多样化,立足差异化教学理念,针对中职与普高、单招与统招、文科与理科学生的差异,以电子工艺与管理专业为例,探讨建立"四位一体、校企合作、三线贯穿、强基重技"的差异化人才培养模式。使不同招生途径、不同学科背景、不同兴趣爱好、不同就业意向的学生培养质量都能得到提高,真正达到企业能够"选"得出、"用"得上、"育"得好、"留"得住四方面的要求。     

略论语文教学中"不再教"的"反三"

”教是为了不教”、“教材无非是例子”，是叶圣陶先生教育思想的一个重要方面。“反三”，是“不再教”的主要标志；如何促使“反三”，是“不再教”的基本手段和基本方法。从阅读的角度上说，如何通过“举”教材之“一”的例而达到“反”阅读其它文章之“三”的目的，是施教前要考虑的一个重要问题。     

A disjointed multi-campus system: the neo-liberal expansion and fragmentation of Mozambican higher education

This paper tries to accomplish two tasks. First, it uses a critical review of the concept of differentiation to shed light on the expansion of the Mozambican higher education system, a consequence of the global neoliberal dynamics of higher education. Second, the neoliberal framework is applied to account for the development of multi-campus systems in the country. The paper argues that, on the one hand, the dispersion of multi-campuses resulted from an early stage of loosely regulated expansion and differentiation of higher education in the context of the liberalisation of higher education. On the other hand, the competition for students, in a market driven economy dominated by the existence of two main public institutions absorbing two-thirds of the students, prompted the establishment of satellite campuses by both private and public institutions, with serious and adverse implications for quality.     

Gifted Metaphors: Exploring the Metaphors of Teachers in Gifted Education and Their Impact on Teaching the Gifted

Metaphors are devices that people employ for both poetic purposes and rhetorical elaboration and belong to the realm of extraordinary language. Metaphors are used to connect abstract ideas and information to more concrete experiences, thus making these experiences more familiar and easier to understand. Moreover, metaphors are more than symbolic intellectual processes; they influence the conceptual understanding of our experiences and help define our everyday realities. For education, there is an important and relevant practical connection between the metaphors that teachers employ and their beliefs about teaching and classroom practices. This stems from the notion that metaphors guide one’s mental framework. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the metaphors influencing teachers in gifted education, this study specifically asked teachers to describe both their metaphors concerning gifted students as well as those influencing their teaching. In this study, nine different themes were identified. This research demonstrates a clear connection between reported metaphors and how gifted students receive their education from teachers. Participants’ answers demonstrate a strong connection between their metaphors and their classroom practices. However, strict adherence to one’s root metaphor increases the chance for dogmatism in the classroom and can lead to potentially incoherent classroom differentiation and a potential disconnect between classroom practices and the actual pedagogical needs of the gifted learner.     

A View on the Current Situation in Russian Education

This paper reflects the current state in Russian education which has a strong correlation with the socio-economic crisis. The responsibilities for education are held partially by the state and partly by other social institutions and as a whole, all of them form the system of education. There is a rather wide set of laws, decree statements, and rules about education in Russia, but they currently are far removed from practical realization. The situation with financing educators, schools, and universities is very critical at present in Russia. The idea of differentiation and democratization in School Reform has had both positive and negative effects. To rescue the Russian system of education from a crisis, a strong state policy in education and a strong system of implementation are required. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.