Understanding sport event volunteers’ continuance intention: An environmental psychology approach

The purpose of this study was to investigate influences of environmental and personal factors on volunteers’ behavioral intention. More specifically, the authors examined the relationships among work climate, intrinsic motivation, attitude, emotional exhaustion, and continuance intention through the lens of environmental psychology model. Survey forms tapping the interested outcomes were collected from 924 volunteers of a national sporting event in China. Results of structural equational modeling supported all hypothesized relationships, except the negative relationship between emotional exhaustion and continuance intention. This study expanded the understanding and application of the environmental psychology model in the context of volunteerism in sport.     

The role of task and ego-oriented climate in explaining students’ bright and dark motivational experiences in Physical Education

Background: A distinction is made in Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) between task-oriented (i.e. effort, intra-individual progress, and self-comparison) and ego-oriented (i.e. inter-individual progress and normative comparison) climates. Combining insights from AGT and Self-Determination Theory (SDT), studies in the PE context have shown that a task-oriented climate positively relates to need satisfaction, although the findings regarding the motivating role of an ego-oriented climate are inconsistent. Moreover, little is known about the role of task- or ego-oriented climates in explaining experiences of basic psychological need frustration.

Purpose: Grounded in AGT and SDT, the aim of the present study was to examine if experiences of basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration can explain why task- and ego-oriented climates elicit positive and negative motivational outcomes in PE, respectively.

Research design: Cross-sectional study.

Method: A sample of 524 secondary school students (51.1% boys, M_age?=?14.51; SD?=?1.81) from five different secondary schools participated in this study. Students reported on their perceptions of task- and ego-oriented climates, motivational regulations, basic psychological need satisfaction, and need frustration, as well as positive and negative outcomes in PE. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate our objective.

Results: We found that a task-oriented climate had a strong and positive relationship with basic psychological need satisfaction, eliciting a bright pathway to autonomous motivation and affective attitude. An ego-oriented climate was positively related to basic psychological need frustration, eliciting a dark pathway to amotivation and boredom. A negative cross-path from task-oriented climate to basic psychological need frustration was also found, while no significant cross-paths were found from ego-oriented climate to basic psychological need satisfaction.

Conclusions: This study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms that explain why task- and ego-oriented climates shape students’ motivational experiences in PE lessons. It is suggested that a task-oriented climate elicits a bright pathway towards more optimal functioning, because it fosters experiences of need satisfaction and buffers against experiences of need frustration. In contrast, an ego-oriented climate is primarily positively related to feelings of need frustration and negative motivational outcomes. Practical implications for PE teacher training are discussed.     

土地覆盖/利用变化对中国区域气候的影响

气候系统中的陆-气相互作用长期以来已经得到广泛的关注,但是直到最近,区域尺度上土地覆盖/利用变化对气候影响的统计事实分析仍非常少,模拟研究中植被对气候变化响应的描述不足.本文系统研究了陆-气相互作用对区域气候的影响,尤其针对上面所提到的两个方面.通过对前期的植被覆盖状况和夏季降水的关系研究为植被覆盖变化对区域气候的影响提供了观测统计上的证据,并进一步分辨出中国北方过渡带可能是植被-大气相互作用的最敏感地区.通过比较观测站点和再分析资料的年代际趋势表明城市化和其他的土地利用变化对气候变暖产生了贡献,使中国东部的平均气温升高了0.12 ℃/10 a.区域气候模拟还表明,中国北方过渡带及其附近地区的植被退化对表面气候和大气环流都带来了显著影响,它们的变化与观测的年代际异常以及我们统计分析的结果一致.表明地表退化可能是中国近几十年气候异常的重要原因之一.最后我们探讨了改进后的动态植被参数化方案在区域气候模拟中的作用.     

中国气候对全球气温增暖的响应

近４０年来，在全球气候变暖的背景下，中国气候也有明显的增暖趋势，北部增暖最明显，与全球平均温度变化相似，长江流域变暖不明显．冬季增暖最突出，夏季在部分地区有降温现象．近４０年，全国平均降水量趋于减少，北部减少最明显，中心在华北及山东半岛；长江中上游降水偏丰．表明近期我国气候对全球气温变暖的响应特点，主要表现表式：北方为暖—干型；长江流域为冷—湿型；华南大部为弱暖—干型     

网上交谈对英语学习的激励作用初探

网络在教学中的普及促生了网上交谈在英语课堂的应用。本文通过实验数据对网络交谈和小组面谈的激励作用进行了比较分析,结果表明前者的激励作用较强,学生在网上交谈的分配和目标语的产出更为合理;学生也表示更喜欢网上交谈。因此,我们认为网上交谈可以作为英语教师组织课堂活动的一项有效补充。     

年际-年代际尺度中国气候区类型变化与影响因素研究

气候类型作为一个地理学概念包含了综合性的气候信息,同时研究气候类型变化也是研究气候变化的重要方式。本文使用气候类型面积变化这一地理学指标来探讨中国1961-2010年年际和年代际气候变化特征,气候型的划分基于国际通用的柯本气候分类法,计算了东亚夏季风指数(EASMI)、南亚夏季风指数(SASMI)、夏季西风指数(SWI)、东亚冬季风指数(EAWMI)等指数,分析这些气候要素的强弱对各气候型面积变化的影响。研究结果显示:1中国大陆主要气候型为草原气候(Bs)、沙漠气候(Bw)、常湿温暖气候(Cf)、冬干温暖气候(Cw)、冬干冷温气候(Dw)和苔原气候(ET);2气候变化最为敏感的区域主要分布在天山以北地区,青藏高原西部,400mm等降水量线附近以及梅雨边缘区,年代际尺度的气候类型变化表现为整个中国出现变暖趋势,除南方地区外都出现变干趋势,年际尺度的各气候类型面积变化表现出明显的升温趋势,而未表现出明显的降水变化趋势;3东亚夏季风(EASM)主要影响沙漠气候(Bw)、常湿温暖气候(Cf)、夏干温暖气候(Cs),南亚夏季风(SASM)主要影响沙漠气候(Bw)、常湿冷温气候(Df)、夏干温暖气候(Cs),夏季西风(SW)主要影响苔原气候(ET)、常湿冷温气候(Df),东亚冬季风(EAWM)主要影响冬干冷温气候(Dw)、草原气候(Bs)、热带疏林草原气候(Aw)、夏干温暖气候(Cs),而其中对中国大陆气候影响区域最广,影响程度最明显的是东亚冬季风。     

1960-2014年北京户外感知温度变化特征及其敏感性分析

基于通用热气候指数（UTCI）,本文分析了北京1960-2014年户外感知温度变化特征,并采用敏感性分析方法定量分析了驱动UTCI变化的主导因素。结果表明：①研究时段内,北京年均人体感知温度为9.2℃,人体整体感觉为舒适,并表现出显著的上升趋势,变化速率为0.52℃/10a;②在年际变化上,全年UTCI大致可以分为3个时期：1960-1970年持续下降期,1971-1990年持续上升期,1991-2014年平稳波动期;③在季节变化上,春季和秋季人体感觉为舒适,夏季为中度热胁迫,冬季为中度冷胁迫,且以春冬增幅最为显著;④在等级变化上,极端冷胁迫日数在减少,中度冷胁迫和热胁迫日数在增加,人体感觉整体趋于热不舒适;⑤在影响因素上,北京UTCI变化对气温最为敏感,其次是风速,但是不同季节中气候因子组合存在差异,不同气候因子在不同季节贡献量亦存在差异。     

Evaluating effects of atmospheric CO2 on stability of global climate: a cell-to-cell mapping approach

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2], incoming solar radiation and sea ice coverage are among the most important factors that control the global climate. By applying the simple cell-to-cell mapping technique to a simplified atmosphere-ocean-sea ice feedback climate model, effects of these factors on the stability of the climatic system are studied. The current climatic system is found to be stable but highly nonlinear. The resiliency of stability increases with [CO2] to a summit when [CO2] reaches 290 μL/L which is comparable to the pre-industrial level, suggesting carbon dioxide is essential to the stability of the global climate. With [CO2] rising further, the global climate stability decreases, the mean ocean temperature goes up and the sea ice coverage shrinks in the polar region. When the incoming solar radiation is intensified, the ice coverage gradually diminishes, but the mean ocean temperature remains relatively constant. Overall, our analysis suggests that at the current levels of three external factors the stability of global climate is highly resilient. However, there exists a possibility of extreme states of climate, such as a snow-ball earth and an ice-free earth.     

安徽省近41年气候变化特征

根据安徽省20个气象站1961-2001年气温、降水数据进行分析,结果表明:安徽省近41年来年平均气温呈上升趋势,各季中冬季增温最明显,但夏季却出现降温趋势,增温最显著是20世纪90年代;年平均降水量呈增加趋势,增量最大出现在20世纪90年代,夏、冬季平均降水呈增加趋势,其中夏季增加对年均降水量增加的贡献最大,而春、秋季平均降水呈减少趋势。     

Understanding human influence on climate change in China

China''s climate has been warming since the 1950s, with surface air temperature increasing at a rate higher than the global average. Changes in climate have exerted substantial impacts on water resources, agriculture, ecosystems and human health. Attributing past changes to causes provides a scientific foundation for national and international climate policies. Here, we review recent progress in attributing the observed climate changes over past decades in China. Anthropogenic forcings, dominated by greenhouse gas emissions, are the main drivers for observed increases in mean and extreme temperatures. Evidence of the effect of anthropogenic forcings on precipitation is emerging. Human influence has increased the probability of extreme heat events, and has likely changed the occurrence probabilities for some heavy precipitation events. The way a specific attribution question is posed and the conditions under which the question is addressed present persistent challenges for appropriately communicating attribution results to non-specialists.