应对气候变化：欧盟的实现机制——温室气体排放权交易体系

欧盟作为发达国家的代表,一直是应对气候变化的主要推动力量之一。欧盟各成员国为了实现《京都议定书》承诺的减排目标,积极构建了区域性国家间温室气体排放权交易体系。欧盟排放交易体系的发展经历了一个过程,其实施是分阶段进行的。欧盟排放交易体系,作为一种环保性运行机制和功能性市场,具有高增长性、高流动性、高波动性的特点,同时它又能够与京都机制进行链接,以帮助欧盟实现减排目标。因此,认真研究它对于全球应对气候变化有重大意义。     

北极气候变化对加拿大和中国社会与经济的影响

气候变化引起自然资源环境变化,进而影响社会和经济的发展。在全球气候变化中,北极气候变化最明显,开始影响生态变化;而北冰洋这块“净土”也随着海冰的减少,使得夏季通航和资源开发成为潜在工程行为,多国纷纷对北冰洋的主权要求施展本领。北极气候变化对加拿大自然生态环境和社会经济的影响引起了加拿大政治界、科学界、工程界、民间的高度重视,并采取了相应的应对措施。从加拿大和中国的国情出发对两国在气候变暖的共性问题上做比较分析,将为国内外同仁提供宝贵借鉴。     

气候变化背景下的低碳经济发展路径选择

近百年来,发达国家在工业化进程中大量排放的二氧化碳等温室气体,导致全球气候变暖和环境污染的产生,给社会经济可持续发展和人类的生存环境造成了严重的影响,人类社会面临有史以来最严重的气候变化挑战。低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济发展新模式。发展低碳经济、减少二氧化碳排放是应对全球气候变化的有效途径。低碳经济为我国实现经济发展方式的根本转变提供了难得的机遇。选择低碳经济发展道路,转变经济发展模式,调整产业结构,优化能源配置,对实现我国经济社会可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

气象、气候环境对体育运动的影响

体育运动是在一定的气象、气候条件下进行的,气象、气候条件时刻制约着体育运动开展的形式和内容,并对其发展产生着重要的影响,同时影响运动员的情绪、行为和健康,影响着运动员运动能力的正常发挥。因此,分析体育环境中的气象、气候等因素对体育运动的影响,对拟定运动训练和比赛计划、选择各种运动装备、提高运动成绩和防止运动创伤等具有重要意义。     

The role of China's terrestrial carbon sequestration 2010–2060 in offsetting energy-related CO2 emissions

Energy consumption dominates annual CO₂ emissions in China. It is essential to significantly reduce CO₂ emissions from energy consumption to reach national carbon neutrality by 2060, while the role of terrestrial carbon sequestration in offsetting energy-related CO₂ emissions cannot be underestimated. Natural climate solutions (NCS), including improvements in terrestrial carbon sequestration, represent readily deployable options to offset anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. However, the extent to which China''s terrestrial carbon sequestration in the future, especially when target-oriented managements (TOMs) are implemented, can help to mitigate energy-related CO₂ emissions is far from certain. By synthesizing available findings and using several parameter-sparse empirical models that have been calibrated and/or fitted against contemporary measurements, we assessed China''s terrestrial carbon sequestration over 2010–2060 and its contribution to offsetting national energy-related CO₂ emissions. We show that terrestrial C sequestration in China will increase from 0.375 ± 0.056 (mean ± standard deviation) Pg C yr⁻¹ in the 2010s to 0.458 ± 0.100 Pg C yr⁻¹ under RCP2.6 and 0.493 ± 0.108 Pg C yr⁻¹ under the RCP4.5 scenario in the 2050s, when TOMs are implemented. The majority of carbon sequestration comes from forest, accounting for 67.8–71.4% of the total amount. China''s terrestrial ecosystems can offset 12.2–15.0% and 13.4–17.8% of energy-related peak CO₂ emissions in 2030 and 2060, respectively. The implementation of TOMs contributes 11.9% of the overall terrestrial carbon sequestration in the 2020s and 23.7% in the 2050s. The most likely strategy to maximize future NCS effectiveness is a full implementation of all applicable cost-effective NCS pathways in China. Our findings highlight the role of terrestrial carbon sequestration in offsetting energy-related CO₂ emissions and put forward future needs in the context of carbon neutrality.     

中国碳达峰、碳中和行动方略之探讨

中国碳达峰、碳中和（以下简称“双碳”）行动是一项涵盖全域国土空间、国家主导全民参与、长期持续实施的巨大系统工程，需要有明确且兼具韧性和适应性的行动方略。文章在梳理“双碳”现状的基础上，探讨了中国实现“双碳”目标的行动方略、技术途径与科技支撑等问题，认为中国“双碳”行动的基本方略应该是坚持“一个基本理念”、实现“两个宏观目标”、贯彻“三路综合”与“四举并进”的技术路径、落实全域国土空间管控和产业协同发展的“五个统筹”宏观布局，强化气候变化、地球系统碳循环科学研究及脱碳、低碳产业技术变革。面向国家“双碳”行动的全球变化和生态经济学研究需要长期持续关注的核心科学问题，构建地球系统碳循环过程、碳储量及通量的多要素-多过程-多界面-多尺度协同监测体系，系统认知和精细评估中国区域生态系统碳汇功能及增汇潜力。当前的迫切任务是构建和完善科学基础、观测模拟、能源结构转型、产业结构调整、生态保碳增汇、国家战略与路径选择、协同治理与管理政策7个方面的科技支撑体系。     

‘Standing back’ or ‘stepping up’? Exploring climate change education policy influence in England

This paper explores the nature of climate change education-related policy influence in England at a time when public consciousness about the need to accelerate climate change action was heightened, and as the 2018 climate strikes gathered momentum around the world. Informed by Foucault's concept of ‘governmentalities’, and using data generated through 24 exploratory interviews and reflexive thematic analysis, we examine the extent to which influential individuals were advocating for policy change. We discuss the nature of policy influence with particular reference to the ‘stances’ that individuals adopted relative to climate change education policy influence and noting a common tendency exhibited amongst participants which was a tendency towards ‘deference’. Coupling our insights with theorisations of dissent, we consider how ‘infra-political dissent’ could support key individuals to ‘step up’ and influence for more effective policy relative to climate change education, and to other areas of education or environment policy.     

IPCC-AR5-WG I的学术影响扩散研究

鉴于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第五次评估报告（AR5）中第一工作组（WG I）的研究报告（IPCC-AR5-WG I）与科学研究的关联性更强、对科学研究的影响也最大，因此基于Web of Science引文数据库，通过科学计量法，利用描述性统计、空间分布分析以及网络分析等方法，分析IPCC-AR5-WG I的施引文献的时序、区域、机构合作以及主题领域等特征，以揭示其学术影响力及扩散情况。结果表明：IPCC-AR5-WG I在154个国家和地区的施引量呈逐年上升趋势，其中2021年出现爆发性增长；施引量最多的为美国、中国和英国，以美国、中国和欧洲的机构为代表形成了三大合作群，其中中国施引机构合作群的合作强度更高；施引文献广泛分布在182个学科领域中，呈现出多学科交叉影响的趋势；其包含扩散爆发期、突破发展期和交叉融合期等3个时期的学术影响力扩散主要分布在气候变化影响建模、温室气体排放与监测、气候变化对环境的影响以及遥感与极地气候变化四大领域，相关研究主题也呈现出由广泛到聚焦、由分散到融合的趋势。     

Failure is not an option: Entrepreneurship and the existential crisis of internationalization in the U.S.

Internationalization has become intertwined with efforts for institutions to compensate for declines in public funding with the development of new revenue streams. The purpose of this study is to understand the social construction of entrepreneurship in internationalization in the United States as well as explore the multiple meanings of entrepreneurship and its contradictions in discourse among senior international officers. The findings discuss and explore competing views, tensions and ethical complexities of the ‘new entrepreneurism’ increasingly common in internationalization, which blends creative problem-solving with pressures for revenue generation. The findings of this study illustrate that as the world faces genuine existential crises that threaten the continued existence of our species on the planet, internationalization is in the midst of an identity crisis. The drift towards privatization is proving to be increasingly unsustainable and an entirely insufficient response to the existential threats that face the world.     

The quest to cultivate an ecocritical awareness in educational technology scholarship: A question of disciplinary focus in the age of environmental crisis

Although many academic disciplines are now experiencing a process of “greening” as scholars seek to cultivate an ecocritical awareness within disciplinary scholarship, Neil Selwyn notes that such ecocritical concerns rarely feature in the field of educational technology. In this paper, I bring Selwyn's call for ecocritical awareness in the field of educational technology into conversation with emerging scholarly discussions in the fields of ecojustice ethics, ecojustice education, and information and communications technology sustainability. In so doing, I expand the existing conversation about the environmental impact of educational technology consumption to argue that the process of cultivating an ecocritical awareness in the field of educational technology requires refining the discipline's focus to include the full lifespan of educational technology devices and the global inequities that feature during the production and disposal of these devices.

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic

• Despite substantive scholarship recognizing the environmental impact of the globalized digital technology supply chain, the field of educational technology has minimally considered the ecojustice implications of the material nature of educational technology devices when examining the environmental impact of these devices.

What this paper adds

• In this paper, I argue that the reason why the field of educational technology has overlooked the environmental impact of device production and disposal is because of its almost exclusive focus on device use. I argue that cultivating an ecocritical awareness in the field of educational technology requires the discipline to expand its focus beyond device use in two ways: (a) to include device production and disposal and (b) to consider the global injustices that occur in these parts of the digital technology life cycle. As such, I build upon Selwyn and others to argue for the cultivation of ecojustice concerns in emerging conversations about ethics in the field of educational technology.

Implications for practice and/or policy

• The process of cultivating ecocritical awareness within the field of educational technology requires expanding the scope and focus of the discipline beyond device use to include device production and disposal. The planned obsolescence behind these devices maximizes the environmental harm at these stages and the global injustices associated with them. Educators and educational leaders seeking to employ educational technology in ethical and environmentally sustainable ways must consider these implications from the global digital technology supply chain.