Creating pretence and sharing friendship: modal expressions in children's play

Friendships and play provide children with opportunities for mutual engagement, which both require and facilitate children's language use. Modality is a semantic system in the language associated with children's learning. One way in which modality is realised is through linguistic expressions which allow speakers to moderate the degree of certainty about the truth of propositions (expressions of possibility) and the degree of necessity with respect to proposals (expressions of obligation). No research has explored the relationship between friendship and children's use of modality. This paper reports on the use of both types of modal expression during play between five- and six-year-old children in two friendship contexts. Results showed that possibility expressions occurred at similar rates in both contexts while obligation expressions occurred significantly more often in play in high-level friendships than in low-level friendships. Findings suggest that in high-level friendships modality was used cohesively to create and extend pretend play, whereas in low-level friendships it was used to regulate behaviour. Because modal expressions are important resources for managing interpersonal relationships, for talking about ideas and situations beyond the here and now and for writing for a non-present audience, our findings provide valuable insights for educators of young children.     

体育技术化与公平竞争精神的破坏

通过对体育技术化模式的哲学审视发现,现代技术已经成为影响训练过程和比赛结果的决定性因素,这就使技术占有的公平性成为公平竞争的前提条件。但是,不同运动员对技术的占有是不公平的,这就导致了不公平竞争,从而客观上破坏了公平竞争精神。     

高水平乒乓球运动员直拍生胶打法及训练研究

以高校高水平乒乓球队为例,论述了直拍生胶打法运动员的训练方法,即发球与发球抢攻、接发球与接发球抢攻、正手攻球、相持、防守、直拍横打训练等.     

Language play in the classroom: encouraging children's intuitive creativity with words through poetry

This article begins by identifying that children have a spontaneous predilection for playing with language, engaging in poetic discourse even before their first poetry lesson. Although children's language play is relatively unresearched in the classroom, in a case study of two groups of pupils aged between 10 and 11, it was observed that children engaged in creative word play, and that this was generated in response to interaction with poetry and each other. This article suggests that children's poetical experiences may best be nurtured by building bridges between children's existing knowledge of language play and the specialised knowledge of poetry taught in the classroom through a teaching methodology based on socio‐constructivist principles.     

简论1998年以来广西电视剧创作（上）

从历史学和文艺学的角度勾勒和评述广西电视剧在1998年至2007年的发展轨迹。1998年是广西电视剧创作的拐点，此后它经历了两个阶段。在走向崛起的阶段（1998-2002）里，短篇剧获得突破，掀起创作高潮；中篇剧平稳发展，取得骄人成绩；长篇剧初显繁荣。在走进市场的阶段（2003-2007）里，广西电视剧发展以长篇剧为主，呈现出七个突出现象；广西电视剧创作和生产在2008年将走上新的高潮。近10年来，广西电视剧艺术家艰苦奋斗，寻求突破，与时俱进，屡创佳绩，担当起了时代文化所赋予的历史使命。     

Collaboration between 3- and 4-year-olds in self-initiated play on instruments

This article reports on a study of collaborative music-making on instruments among 3- and 4-year-old children. An area equipped with musical instruments was provided as a free-choice play option in an early childhood setting and a fixed camera recorded the children's play continuously during a number of visits. From the total 17 h of data five episodes of paired play were selected. Through a process of comparison across these episodes, it was established that children were coordinating their play through a repertoire of communicative and expressive behaviours. One episode of paired play considered to be representative was micro-analysed in detail.     

戏剧表演教学法：交互式英语教学的新途径

英语戏剧表演教学法既能提高学生英语交际能力、表演技能,激发学生学习兴趣,培养学生的团队合作精神,又是一种非常有效的提升学生跨文化交际水平的英语学习手段。本文探讨了这一教学方法在英语教学中的具体运用,并分析了对英语教学改革的意义。     

从合作原则看喜剧小品《不差钱》中的幽默

小品作为独特的艺术形式起源于20世纪80年代,逐渐形成了短小精悍、幽默风趣、雅俗共赏、针砭时弊的语言风格。本文运用格莱斯的合作原则探析喜剧小品《不差钱》的语言特点及其幽默的产生。     

全运会改革的历史必然与变革潜力探索*——以天津全运会为例

全运会在我国已经有五十多年历史,研究全运会的变革历程、改革的历史必然性将对全运会的未来发展提供推动作用。研究认为,全运会的赛事经济效益低;全运会历届发生的负面新闻影响全运会的赛事公信力;传统的奖牌榜与“计分制”不再适应中国竞技体育环境;政府指导文件的硬性要求促成全运会改革;群众日益高涨的体育热情与日益衰弱的专业体育人才选拔机制的综合博弈是现阶段引导全运会改革的重要力量。研究根据第十三届天津全运会的发展改革趋势,进一步提出了挖掘全运会潜力的发展方向：通过进一步透明化全运会运作结构,全运会的赛事公正性体系化,对计分制进一步深入改革,淡化全运会赛果的政治影响;兼容并包的多元化赛事改革,选取中国本土特色的体育项目发展,将群众参与与高专业、高水平的竞技体育赛事紧密融合;基于现有全运会结构,持续优化全运会的赛事文化,基于体育文化传播和一带一路机遇,树立中国竞技体育赛事品牌典型;持续重视青少年组的赛事构建,加大基础类项目的比重,构建长效激励机制,使民间自发涌现高素质竞技体育后备人才。     

南京青奥会筹办思路建言

青奥会作为新生事物,是对现行奥运会模式的发展和补充,也预示着世界性体育战略的变革和延异。对此中国体育应该借鉴古希腊奥林匹克的体育精神。正视2000多年来,体育运动发生的职业化、政治化、工具化、功利化、经济化、外在化、技术化、非自然化、非肉体化、去魅化、非民众性和举国体制化等现象的变化和异化。在正视健康、美丽、友爱和创新四大主题的基础上,中国体育应向青少年学生、白领阶级和平民百姓转移;祛除体育运动中的功利化、实用化、政治化和狭隘民族主义,转向对身体的训练、锻炼、培育和养护;对体育运动的观赏、愉悦、审美和普及;倡扬体育运动的市场化,个体化和自由化;去除异化,解放身体,塑造和建构自我。