试论南京国民政府的政策取向和操作后果——以盐税为切口

本文选择盐税这一细小切口,通过阐述南京国民政府的政策设计、实际操作过程,分析了使制度层面和实践层面发生断层的各种制约因素。并运用财政学和税收学的方法,评价了盐税改革的正负效应。揭示国民政府以不断提高税率为主要的改革手段,根本无心于建设、厚植税收基础的真相,说明国民政府的政策取向是为了统治集团的一己私利,而其结果是与其政策取向紧密相关的。     

The time course of semantic and phonological access in naming kanji and kana words

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the time course of semantic and phonological access in naming kanji and kana words. Japanese adults quickly named single words written in kanji and the same words written in kana in one session, and translated them into English in another session. In both experiments using nouns (Experiment 1) and verbs (Experiment 2), words were named faster in kana than in kanji but were translated faster in kanji than in kana. These findings were interpreted to suggest that kana words are closer to phonology while kanji words are closer to meaning. The optimum solutions obtained by the simplex method showed that semantic access takes place 10 to 19 msec earlier in kanji words than in kana words, whereas phonological access takes place 27 to 31 msec earlier in kana words than in kanji words. A possible difference between kanji nouns and verbs is briefly discussed in terms of phonological access time.     

数字图书馆中数字对象的概念、作用及其命名与标识

数字对象是数字图书馆架构的根本保证。本文首先提出了讨论有关数字对象问题技术的必要性,并理解性地描述了数字对象的概念,简单分析并说明了数字对象在数字图书馆中的核心地位与关键作用,同时结合实例描述了通过命名系统对数字对象进行标识的现状,最后给出了如何解决有关数字对象问题的一些建议与方法。     

Phonological knowledge and naming ability in children with reading disability

Children who are poor readers have difficulty naming pictured objects. Their naming difficulty could be a result of inadequate representations of the phonology of words, inadequate processing of those representations, or both. In this study, third-grade good and poor readers were tested on object naming, and, in cases of naming failure, forced-choice recognition tasks were used to probe their knowledge of the phonology of the object names. The two reading groups showed no differences in their ability to select the initial phonemes or rhymes of object names they had not produced spontaneously. Moreover, initial phoneme prompts were helpful for both reading groups. The children differed, however, in their ability to produce words after being given rhyme information. The results indicated that, except in the ability to manipulate explicitly phonological information, the poor readers; performance was qualitatively similar to that of the good readers. It is suggested that training in phonological analysis may help poor readers overcome the deficiencies in establishing and processing phonological representations that lead to their quantitative deficit in object naming.     

The second deficit: An investigation of the independence of phonological and naming-speed deficits in developmental dyslexia

An increasing body of dyslexia researchdemonstrates, in addition to phonologicaldeficits, a second core deficit in theprocesses underlying naming speed. Thehypothesized independence of phonologicalawareness and naming-speed variables inpredicting variance in three aspects of readingperformance was studied in a group of 144severely-impaired readers in Grades 2 and 3. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted onthese variables, controlling for the effects ofSES, age, and IQ. Results indicated thatphonological measures contribute more of thevariance to those aspects of reading skill thatinvolve decoding or word attack skills;naming-speed measures contribute more to skillsinvolved in word identification. Subtypeclassification findings were equally supportiveof the independence of the two deficits: 19%of the sample had single phonological deficits;15% had single naming-speed deficits; 60% had double-deficits; and 6% could not be classified. The implications of these findingsfor diagnosis and intervention are discussed.     

南明区林业产业发展现状、存在问题及发展对策研究

南明区位于贵州省中部,是贵阳市两个主城区之一。全区林业用地面积7387．6公顷,现有活立木总蓄积量38．9万立方米,森林覆盖率38．73％。近年来,南明区林业产业取得了可喜的成绩,但也存在对林业产业发展认识不足、发展思路不清晰等问题。本文提出了大力发展城市生态公益林、巩固发展种苗花卉业、重点发展精深加工业、提升城市森林旅游品牌、辐射发展乡村游憩业、健全管理机构、提高科技含量等发展思路和对策。     

Structural invariance in the associations of naming speed,phonological awareness,and verbal reasoning in good and poor readers: A test of the double deficit hypothesis

The associations of multiple measures of speeded naming, phonological awareness, and verbal intelligence with word reading were examined in 51 poor readers and 74 good readers in third and fourth grade. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the extent to which these two groups exhibited structurally invariant patterns of associations among the constructs. Results revealed that for poor readers, both speeded naming and phonological awarencess were significantly associated with word reading, but verbal intelligence had no association with it. In contrast, for good readers, phonological awareness and verbal intelligence were significantly associated with word reading, but naming speed was not. Findings are discussed in light of the double deficit hypothesis.     

Theoretical links among naming speed,precise timing mechanisms and orthographic skill in dyslexia

In this paper, we review several lines of convergent research to discuss the relationship between developmental dyslexia and slow symbol naming speed. We describe the interactive development of orthographic and phonological codes, and we discuss the methodological problems that may have led to underestimating the importance of individual differences in orthographic processing in our account of reading disabilities. Symbol naming speed is typically subsumed under phonological processing, yet it contributes variance to reading, especially to reading fluency, independently of phonological awareness. We speculate that naming speed may reflect precise timing mechanisms necessary to the development of orthographic codes and to their integration with phonological codes. We argue that an understanding of this precise timing dimension is necessary to incorporate in our models of phonological, orthographic, and semantic processes in reading acquisition and reading failure.