深化国家自然科学基金国际合作的战略思考

国家自然科学基金作为我国支持基础研究国际合作的重要渠道，新时期应在国际科技合作中发挥引领作用。国家自然科学基金形成了“科学研究—人员交流—人才培养”的国际合作总体布局，合作总体布局不断完善，合作深度广度不断拓展，合作模式不断优化。新形势下，国家自然科学基金国际合作要适应全球化趋势和科研范式转变，构建全球化创新网络，拓展国际发展空间，以及应对全球挑战和参与人类命运共同体建设，因此国家自然科学基金国际合作模式与管理方式亟待创新。世界主要科技强国科学基金都建立了多层次、多样化的国际合作资助体系。国家自然科学基金应系统优化、全面升级、梯次推进，加强顶层设计和能力建设，加强重大任务和平台资助布局，拓展国际合作渠道，实施精细化国际科技合作战略。     

科学基金项目实施过程管理研究——基于质量问责视角

目前国家自然科学基金资助项目面临越来越大的绩效压力,随着资助绩效滞后性和资助年限延长,项目实施过程对于科学基金资助绩效的重要性日益凸显,为此亟需完善项目实施过程的管理。项目实施过程管理能够通过问责项目质量提高科学基金资助绩效。研究发现,当前科学基金过程管理的问责现状难以涵盖项目质量的全部要求,项目组应对现阶段过程管理问责时采取的认知策略也不利于科学基金提升资助绩效。以质量问责视角重新设计的项目实施过程管理机制,能够完善上述不足并解决现有问题,进而保障和提升科学基金资助绩效。     

Characterization of the organic materials used in the painting of the vaulted ceiling at the Saadian Tomb of Mulay Ahmed Al-Mansour (Marrakech)

The Saadian tombs from the era of sultan Ahmed al-Mansour (1574–1603) are beautifully decorated and have always been a major attraction for visitors to Marrakesh. The central mausoleum, named the Hall of Twelve Columns, encloses the tombs of Ahmed al-Mansour and his family. The hall has a huge vaulted ceiling, carved cedar doors, opening windows with wooden marquetry screen (Mashrabiya), and grey Italian marble columns. This paper presents the first attempt to identify the organic materials used by the Moroccan artisans. A GC/MS analytical procedure was used for the characterization of lipids, waxes, resins, pitch, tar, proteinaceous and saccharide materials in the same paint micro-sample. The analytical study identified the organic materials used in the polychrome and gilded decorations of the walls, ceiling and dome of the hall. Data showed that the polychrome decorations were painted using animal glue as a binder, and highlighted the treatment of the wall surface with linseed oil and the retouching of the paintings based on a saccharide binder. The use of a proteinaceous-resinous-oil mixture, applied on a proteinaceous preparation layer, for the gilded decorations revealed a very similar technique to that used at the time in Europe for mural paintings.     

Effect of Participatory Research on Farmers' Knowledge and Practice of IPM: The Case of Cotton in Benin

Purpose: This study assesses the effect of participatory research on farmers' knowledge and practice of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Benin. The participatory field experiments were carried out during the 2011–2012 cotton growing season, and focused on the development and application of pest management knowledge.

Methodology: A ‘Difference-in-Differences’ methodology was used to document the changes in farmers' knowledge and practices across the following season, 2012–2013. Of the 180 cotton growers sampled, 150 took part in the research, while 30 served as the control.

Findings: Participation in the research increased farmers' ability to recognise pests and natural enemies and how to use thresholds and apply bio-pesticides. Increase in knowledge did not lead to any modification in the farmers' use of neem oil and the entomopathogen Beauveria, but it did lead to a significant change in threshold-based pesticide applications. Farmers seemed to want to reduce pest management costs, whatever the type of pesticide recommended (conventional or bio-based).

Practical Implications: Development practitioners should be aware that changes in practices of IPM are not only knowledge driven. Other factors such as financial consideration and specific input availability are also needed for the success of an effective pest management strategy.

Originality/Value: In any interactive process, the Difference-in-Differences methodology is an appropriate tool for an effective assessment of changes in farmers' knowledge and practices over time.     

基于ANSYS的风量调节机构叶片固有频率分析

论述了模态分析在叶片结构设计中的重要性,建立了叶片的三维模型,采用ANSYS软件进行了模态分析,并对计算结果进行了分析,对叶片结构设计及优化有一定的意义。     

回收空调凝结水与饮用水反渗透浓水并入雨水收集系统的实践与分析(英文)

通过浙江大学西溪校区东一教学楼改造的雨水收集工程实践,分析了本地的气象资料、回用水使用与降水时段调节等,将房间空调器凝结水与饮用水反渗透浓水予以收集归入整个雨水收集系统,用于教学楼周围的绿化浇灌与景观水的补水.通过计算,教学楼夏季空调器凝结水量约为3.48 m3/d,每日饮用水反渗透浓水的水量可达到198~396 L.在气温较高的夏季能有效地补充因大量蒸发导致绿化浇灌及景观补水不足的缺陷,同时在降雨量较少的冬季也能一定程度上进行添补.雨水与冷凝水以及反渗透浓水一同收集大大提高了整个收集系统的经济性.项目实测数据验证了系统的经济合理性.     

封闭方腔自然对流传热的场协同分析

文章采用有限元方法数值研究了封闭方腔自然对流传热问题,并基于场协同理论分析了速度场与温度梯度场的协同关系,进一步深层次分析了协同角场同速度场、温度场、温度梯度场之间的协同关系,展示了不同瑞利数下方腔自然对流速度场和温度梯度的协同效果,着重探讨了各物理场对封闭方腔协同角的影响规律,同时表明以协同角为评价指标,可有助于改善局部的传热效果,从而深层次理解强化自然对流传热的机理,为实际工程的传热强化提供了理论依据。     

基于语义加权的引文网络社区划分研究

为提高引文网络社区划分的准确性,以文档之间的语义关系以及引文之间的引用关系为基础,结合词汇在文档中的位置关系等信息,构建基于词汇语义加权的引文网络。通过GloVe模型对词汇向量化以充分利用词汇语义信息,结合WMD模型度量文献之间的相似度,把文档相似度的计算转变为在约束条件下求线性规划最优解的问题,结合文本的内容及结构特征对网络中的边进行赋权,以Louvain社区发现算法对加权后的引文网络进行社区划分,并对划分后的社区进行分析与检验,实验证明GloVe-WMD模型可提高引文网络社区划分的准确度。     

纵向通风下地铁疏散走道内烟气运动特性

以福州地铁四号线的一个地铁隧道区间为研究对象,利用FLUENT构建车头电气火灾的数值模型。重点分析了在阻塞比为0.38与0.55条件下火灾烟气的运动特征及对疏散人员的影响。模拟结果表明:在火源上游位置,在未开启通风和开启通风的条件下,高温烟气聚集在隧道顶部,随高度下降,烟气温度降低,建议设置离轨面高度较低的疏散走道以提供更大的安全空间。同时,在未开启通风,且火源释热率及火灾发展时间相同的情况下,高阻塞比隧道内的初始温度较高;开启纵向通风后,对流换热增强,降温快,高温烟气在火源上游沿隧道长度方向、高度方向的运动都能得到有效的控制,有利于人员疏散。最后,给出了纵向通风条件下的疏散方案及建议。     

Storm crowds: Evidence from Zooniverse on crowd contribution design

What is the impact of platform design on crowdsourcing contributions? The proliferation of platforms with distributed content production, such as Wikipedia, Zooniverse, and others, has led to scholarly interest in understanding why individuals contribute to them. One stream of research has investigated contributor motivations, while another growing stream, scattered across several disciplines, has explored the effect of platform design on contributions. One important design element is the extent to which incomplete, or partial, contributions are possible - a concept we refer to in this paper as “tolerance to incompleteness.” We explore the relationship between this design element and crowds’ willingness to contribute in the context of Zooniverse, the world’s largest citizen science platform. Our quasi-experimental empirical approach exploits a format change that decreased tolerance to incompleteness in one Zooniverse project. The results of a difference-in-differences estimation show that after the format change, editors contributed fewer total edits, but more complete edits than predicted in the absence of a change. Users also spent less time contributing to the project post-change. Moreover, we find a trade-off between the quantity and quality of complete edits, with the quality of complete edits lower post-change. Our findings have implications for the design of a growing number of crowdsourcing platforms that involve simple, independent, and well-structured tasks.