Nineteenth century chrome yellow and chrome deep from Winsor & NewtonTM

The Winsor & Newton^TM (W&N) nineteenth century archive database includes digitised images of hand-written instructions and workshop notes for the manufacture of their artists’ materials. For the first time, all 183 production records for yellow lead chromate pigments were studied and evaluated. They revealed that W&N produced essentially three pigment types: lemon/pale based on mixed crystals of lead chromate and lead sulphate [Pb(Cr,S)O₄]; middle on pure monoclinic lead chromate [PbCrO₄]; and deep that contains the latter admixed with basic lead chromate [Pb₂CrO₅]; accounting for 53, 22, and 21% of the production, respectively. Production records for primrose (4%) were also included since the formulation results in mixed crystals with a high percentage of lead sulphate, which, according to the literature, leaves it more prone to degradation. Each pigment type is characterised by only one or two main synthetic pathways; process variations reveal a systematic and thorough search for a high-quality durable product. A comparison of the chemical composition of pigment reconstructions with early W&N oil paint tubes showed that their records entitled ‘pale’ and ‘lemon’ correlated with the pigment in their tube labelled chrome yellow and, ‘middle’ and ‘deep’ with the label chrome deep. Lemon and middle pigment formulations were made into oil paints to assess their relative photo-stability. The degradation process was followed by colorimetry and was studied by synchrotron radiation-based techniques. Based on the X-ray absorption spectroscopy data, the possibility for creating a stability index for chrome yellows is discussed.     

人流量统计系统设计

本统计系统用于统计某个超市的客源流量。该系统具有智能功能,一方面能适时统计该超市的实际人数,自动判断顾客是进入还是离开超市,如果进入则进行加计数,相反则进行减计数,计得的人数通过显示器显示出来。另一方面能统计某天进入超市的总人数,而且能将每天的人流量保存起来,供需要时查询。该系统具有结构简单、成本低廉、计数准确的特点。不仅适用于超市,还适用于其它需要进行人数统计的场合。     

教师课堂教学综合评价的数学模型

建立了教师课堂教学评价的指标体系,利用AHP方法得到了评价指标权重向量,并借助加权距离定义相对接近度,给出了相对接近度的算法程序,从而得到了教师课堂教学效果综合评价的数学模型,解决了教师课堂教学的综合评价问题.     

飞机红外热波无损检测中损伤埋藏深度的计算方法

复合材料及构件在新型飞机中的使用不断增多,用常规无损检测的方法难以准确获得复合材料损伤部位的埋藏深度。结合军用飞机复合材料构件损伤检测的实际需要,研究了飞机红外热波无损检测新技术中损伤部位埋藏深度的计算思想及计算机实现方法,并给出了具体实例。     

一个物理综合实验的设计与实践--弹簧振子加速度的红外遥测

介绍我们新开发的一个综合性实验,它主要包括拉力传感器、由LM331组成的V/F和F/V变换电路以及红外发射和接收装置等,以实现对弹簧振子加速度的红外遥测。利用计算机USB数据采集器进行数据采集和处理,包括计算弹簧振子的速度和位移、系统的弹性势能、重力势能、动能和总机械能,并绘制机械能变化曲线,由此验证了弹簧振子系统的机械能守恒。本实验项目在提高学生学习的主动性和创新能力方面取得了较好的效果。     

使用AT89C2051单片机处理红外控制信号

介绍红外编码芯片SM5021A的工作原理,AT89C2051单片机处理红外控制信号的接口电路和软件的设计方法。     

红外测距导线误差初析

就控制测量中广泛应用的红外测距导线这一布设形式所用仪器及观测误差作初步分析 ,讨论如何将误差控制在允许范围内 ,为建筑施工放样阶段提供可靠的精度保证。     

Reasonable expectations of privacy

Use of the concept of `areasonable person and his or her expectations'is widely found in legal reasoning. This legalconstruct is employed in the present article toexamine privacy questions associated withcontemporary information technology, especiallythe internet. In particular, reasonableexpectations of privacy while browsing theworld-wide-web and while sending and receivinge-mail are analyzed.     

杭州市热岛效应的遥感监测

采用1991年7月23日和1999年10月1日的陆地卫星TM6数据，分析了杭州市的城市热岛效应现状及两个时相杭州市热环境格局的变化．监测结果表明，两个时相的杭州市热环境具有明显不同的格局．1991年杭州热岛主要表现为在市中心以集中连片方式出现，1999年热岛现象则主要表现为市中心热岛效应明显缓解，城市热岛从市中心向城郊转移．值得一提的是发现了引水条件下西湖流场的特点，如能长期系统的研究，将对西湖的环境保护工作以及对西湖水质变化综合分析会有很好的指导意义．     

Light-induced color changes and chemical modification of treated and untreated chestnut wood surface

Abstract

The aim of this work is to study the surface modifications of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) wood by reflectance spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to understand the mechanisms that cause changes and to suggest possible solutions to avoid degradation phenomena. The experimental data were statistically treated to evaluate their significance. Concerning the surface protection of wood, starting from the results obtained by testing different commercial products, attention was focused on a novel organic preservative/consolidant product (Linfoil^®) that has attracted great interest in the field of conservation of wooden artifacts. Color monitoring showed that wood surface color undergoes an important variation due to photoirradiation, occurring within the first 24 hours and mainly due to L* decrease and b* increase. Though the protective treatment modifies wood color, nevertheless the product tested seems to protect the wood surface by reducing photoyellowing. FTIR analysis indicated that irradiation caused the degradation of lignin and increased the concentration of the chromophore groups on the wood surface. Changes in the chromaticity coordinates can be linked to the degradation of lignin and to increase of the concentration of carbonyl groups.