论电视广告对儿童道德教育的负面影响

电视广告是为了宣传商品或服务、宣传企业形象和树立消费观念,为了得到消费者的认可,它可以借助多种媒介潜移默化地影响着儿童的思想认识和价值判断。电视广告是一把双刃剑,正面的广告激励人、负面的广告误导人,既可以宣扬真善美,也可以带来假丑恶,其对儿童道德教育的负面影响是多方面的:会对儿童的成长产生深远的不良影响,需要引起社会相关群体的注意。     

Safety crises and R&D outsourcing alliances: Which governance mode minimizes negative spillovers?

This study examines how R&D alliance governance affects both the probability and magnitude of negative spillovers triggered by a partner’s safety crisis. I show that hierarchical governance leads to a lower probability that a partner will suffer a crisis and thus trigger a negative spillover, yet this governance mode leads to negative spillovers of greater magnitude should they happen. Because expected spillover costs are calculated as the probability of occurrence times the magnitude of such costs, it is not clear which governance mode best minimizes expected spillover costs. I combine transaction costs economics and signaling theory to develop a contingency model that identifies which effect is more likely to dominate, as a way to address the reported dilemma. I found evidence in support of the described dilemma and the contingency model in a sample of 296 R&D outsourcing alliances in the biopharmaceutical industry.