语言与思索--以日语来思索的意义

哲学无疑是一门思索普遍性问题的学科，所以或许可以说提出这样一个问题并无必要。不过，即使思索的是普遍性的问题，也脱离不开语言包含的限制性。就日语而言，日语所具有的特点和限制同样影响着使用日语所做的哲学思考。日语有这样一个特点，即一个句子里不总是需要一个主语。它来自于这样的经验，关注的焦点不在于行使者，而在于行使者自身之内。这跟日语“以谓语为中心”的语法结构有关。西田几多郎的“场所”理论是基于他对于康德和新康德主义的认识论的批判之上的。西田特别指出，“我们意识到的意识”固然是在这种认识论中被发现的，但“意识着的意识”却并没被把握到。我们努力发现这样的一个事实，即他对于传统的认识论的批判和他建立的“场所”理论与上面提到的日语中“以谓语为中心”的语法结构有着深刻的关联。这也就明确了，语言对于哲思有着重要的影响。     

试析日本幕末时期的攘夷运动——以关东地区的暗杀外国人活动为线索

德川幕府末期的攘夷运动以在关东地区发生的＂生麦事件＂等暗杀外国人行动为标志,在日本近代开港与外交中产生了重大影响。尊王攘夷思想是尊王攘夷运动的理论基础和政治目标。攘夷运动反映了幕末时期日本民众生活的贫困化和下级武士对时局感到不安的危机意识,另一方面也使幕藩体制渐趋式微。     

日本京都大将军八神社与中国文化的渊源——兼论阴阳道在中日文化关联中的一个侧面

日本京都大将军八神社与中国古代的民间信仰关系密切。其所祭祀的大将军等八将神虽被视为阴阳道体系中的神灵,却是中国鬼神传入日本后“在地化”文化演变的结果。而大将军信仰的历史变迁,不仅反映了日本阴阳道流变的一个轨迹,从中也可窥见中日文化关系里的一种内在血脉关联性。     

Ki te Tika te Hanga,Ka Pakari te Kete: With the Right Structure We Weave a Strong Basket

Two Indigenous frameworks were successfully applied to a significant collection of junior Māori language material at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Ngā Kete Kōrero Framework is used to assign levels to readers designed for structured literacy development and formed the basis of a new classification system. Ngā ūpoko Tukutuku is an Indigenous subject headings schema developed to empower and enrich records using Māori knowledge systems and terminology. Library staff worked collaboratively with Māori language literacy experts to transform access to the material. The Indigenous frameworks, their application for reclassification and record enhancement, and associated benefits of the project are described.     

Japanese intercultural communication competence and cross-cultural adjustment

This study explores the relationship between language and communication skills and patterns of success and failure in the cross-cultural adjustment of Japanese university students. Seven interpersonal communication skills which were selected by Ruben and Kealey as important to cross-cultural adjustment were examined: empathy, respect, role behavior flexibility, orientation to knowledge, interaction posture, interaction management, and tolerance for ambiguity. Besides these skills, language was taken into consideration as a major component influencing Japanese intercultural communication. The behavioral assessment method developed by Ruben was utilized to measure communicative performance and behaviors of Japanese university students who visited the United States for 4 weeks for their English training. In order to assess the language skills of these individuals, listening, speaking, structure and written expression, and vocabolary and reading comprehension skills were measured. At the end of their stay in the United States, the dimensions of culture shock, psychological adjustment, and interactional effectiveness were examined. Comparisons of pre- and post-test measures indicated that six out of the seven communication behaviors observed in the Japanese students did not predict success or failure in adjustment to the United States. Only ambiguity tolerance yielded correlation with culture shock. However, speaking and listening skills were closely correlated with interactional effectiveness.     

The Japanese and Korean Martial Arts: In Search of a Philosophical Framework Compatible to History

Abstract

The popular discourse about Asian martial arts has often been surrounded by an aura of esotericism, so pervasive that it even influenced the academic discussion to some degree. Moreover, nationalistic motives to promote certain martial arts narratives often prevail. This article focuses on the frequently flawed philosophical and historical discourse surrounding the Asian martial arts. In particular, this study concentrates on the academic discussions of the Japanese and Korean martial arts, and the search for a philosophical framework compatible with historical narratives. The Japanese created a romantic but also nationalistic martial arts narrative that aligned with the ideals of the Meiji Restoration. This romanticized image was naively accepted in the West, often imported along with esoteric ideas of the East. And, as most modern Korean martial arts originated in Japan, the Korean martial arts discussion aligns with that of Japanese martial arts, and this alignment has been a point of heated dispute. Discussions of Korean martial arts reflect a search for a definitive identity of the Korean martial arts community as well as the desire to establish a martial arts tradition independent of those of Japan as well as China. However, the discourse has often been influenced by western, albeit biased and perhaps faulty, historical views, and ideas about martial arts traditions.     

Herz und mund und tat und terrorismus (heart,mouth, deed,and terrorism)

ABSTRACT

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the efforts of a terrorism that makes revolution its goal have sprung from the dream of unity between words and action. In ōe Kenzaburō’s linked texts, “Seventeen,” we find a depiction of a terrorist, or “political youth” who dreams of attaining a “peak orgasm” in communion with the “Pure Emperor.” Moreover, for this youth, “terrorism” means an action undertaken by the self at the very moment of coitus between action and words. It is proper that the terrorist should be transformed from a historical anonym to a subject of language through action (prior to carrying out terror he or she cannot appear as a subject of speech). In the linked text of “A Political Youth Dies,” however, the young man’s action is obliterated in the flood of images coming from television, and he is stripped of language. In this sense, the youth’s situation can be seen as homologous with the terrorism that is bare action stripped of speech, pervasive in our twenty-first century present. A volume containing the translation of “A Political Youth Dies” into German, together with the original Japanese text, has now appeared. Thanks to this publication, we can at last read the original Japanese text. It is now time for us, who have been “deprived of [this] text” for so long, to turn our attention to it.     

Hurricane Katrina and the chōric object of rhetorical studies

This essay reads former New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin’s infamous radio interview given during the aftermath of Hurricane to rethink both the popular narrative about the federal response to Katrina and, more broadly, the displacement of rhetorical objects both popularly and within rhetorical scholarship. Drawing upon Julia Kristeva’s early work, I advocate for a turn to a particular understanding of chōra, which positions critics in provisional relation objects of rhetorical study. Finally, I tender a reading of Nagin’s post-Katrina radio interview. The essay ultimately argues that: (1) the chōric function of Nagin’s interview simultaneously spurred political change and displaced the appearance of having done so; and (2) if rhetorical studies is to avoid remaining complicit with the politics of such displacement, scholars should attend carefully not only to what counts as rhetorical, but also to those objects that do not count but nevertheless function rhetorically. Reconsidering the object domain of rhetorical studies in this way not only opens up new objects for study but also accounts for how they might function outside of already established narratives.     

论框式介词“对（于）……来说”的句法制约条件

框式介词“时（于）……来说”既可以出现句首,也可以出现在主语和谓语之间。其出现的句法位置有严格的条件制约,其动因既有句法方面的,也有篇章方面的。“对（于）……来说”中的“来说”的隐现有严格的条件限制,句中谓词的语义特点起到了关键作用。表示感情意义的二价形容词充当谓语,“来说”的出现是强制性的：谓词是表评价意义的二价形容词或宾语部分有二价名词或名动词,“来说”的隐现是自由的,但形成句子的结构和意义有较大差异。     

British Cultural Influence and Japan: Elizabeth Phillips Hughes's Visit for Educational Research in 1901–1902

The ideal of Japanese womanhood was created according to an educational ideology suited to a modern nation state. One regularly used concept was ‘ryōsaikenbo’, a mixed ideology, drawing together idealised images of the British lady and traditional Japanese women. Another imitated concept was Japanese athleticism called new Bushidō influenced by British boys' public school morality during the era of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. However, there was a strong sense of Japanese cultural nationalism that grew in reaction to the threat of foreign enemies and the hardship of two wars, the Sino-Japanese War, 1894–1895, and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905. This created a potential problem. Despite an occidental veneer, those new values were combined with traditional Japanese religion. Elizabeth Phillips Hughes' articles published in Japan during 1901 and 1902 reflect this process of inventing a tradition of both Japanese women's and men's ideal that was originally influenced by the values of the British middle class and the fact that early feminism was trapped within imperialistic ideology. Eventually, girls' physical exercises were recommended as long as they did not damage femininity. Less feminine sports took popular underground paths. Girls' physical exercises flourished after the First World War in Britain and the Second World War in Japan.