中国资源法律规制的演进、评价与展望

资源法律规制、规划规制、标准规制和指标规制构成资源规制的基本体系,其中资源法律规制是最高层次的规制,规制效力最强。本文在对资源法律规制的规制主体、规制内容和规制强度的演进历程进行梳理的基础上,将建国以来中国资源法律规制分为四个阶段：起源阶段（1949年-1966年）、停滞阶段（1967年-1976年）、起步阶段（1977年-2000年）和拓展提升阶段（2000年-）。研究认为,目前中国的资源法律规制存在诸多问题：资源法律规制体系尚未建立,缺乏系统性的自然资源基本法;规制主体繁多,但是缺乏独立的规制主体;惩罚性手段多,奖励性手段少;规制内容不全面、不协调,存在规制交叉、重叠和冲突的情况;规制结果考核有效性不足,缺乏对规制者的规制。未来,中国应从完善资源法律体系、明确资源法律规制主体及其责任、提高资源法律规制的强度、实现资源规制手段的多元化等方面建立健全中国资源法律规制体系。     

秦岭自然保护区群成本效益研究(Ⅱ)——成本效益预测

本研究在秦岭自然保护区群成本效益计量研究成果的基础上,对成本效益进行进一步分析及预测。运用统计软件SPSS17.0结合十余种拟合曲线,根据秦岭自然保护区群中7个国家级自然保护区的成本效益截面数据,尝试性地进行了综合效益及三大成本之间关系曲线拟合。研究结果表明：根据模型拟合优度R2大小及显著水平Sig.判断,最终得出了成本效益之间的关系式。即三个拟合函数分别是：①综合效益（Qt）与直接保护成本（Xa）的函数曲线方程为：Qt=-68.244＋870.688Xa-2493.849Xa2＋2304.879Xa3;②综合效益（Qt）与间接保护成本（Xb）的函数曲线方程为：Qt=17.844e1.986Xb;③综合效益（Qt）与机会保护成本（Xc）的函数曲线方程为：Qt=-78.157＋104.775Xc-32.953Xc2＋3.296Xc3。本研究结果可以为国家有关部门进行保护区投资做有益的帮助,同时为陕西省自然保护区保护政策的完善做理论支撑。     

Clinical implications of exercise immunology

Maintaining leanness and a physically active lifestyle during adulthood reduces systemic inflammation, an underlying factor in multiple chronic diseases. The anti-inflammatory influence of near-daily physical activity in lowering C-reactive protein, total blood leukocytes, interleukin-6, and other inflammatory cytokines may play a key role in lowering risk of cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, sarcopenia, and dementia. Moderate exercise training causes favorable perturbations in immunity and a reduction in incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). During each bout of moderate exercise, an enhanced recirculation of immunoglobulins, neutrophils, and natural killer cells occurs that persists for up to 3-h post-exercise. This exercise-induced surge in immune cells from the innate immune system is transient but improves overall surveillance against pathogens. As moderate exercise continues on a near-daily basis for 12–15 weeks, the number of symptoms days with URTI is decreased 25%–50% compared to randomized sedentary controls. Epidemiologic and animal studies support this inverse relationship between URTI risk and increased physical activity.     

“物极必反”、“物极必变(异)”辨谬——“以空为实”的诡论

"物极必反" (P)是我国传统哲学中卓越的经典命题,影响深远.然而,由于P暗中用"反"之前一阶段来定义"极",因此犹如"乌鸦是黑色的"(Q)命题一样,是隐蔽的重言真句,进而犯"以空为实"谬误,即表面有经验内容,甚至"无所不包",但实质几近"空无所指".至于"质量互变(物极必变异)" (R)比P更为笼统,也有类似P的谬误.     

基于ANSYS的高速包装机的椭圆齿轮模态分析

采用有限元法,建立了椭圆齿轮的动力学模型,通过有限元分析软件ANSYS对椭圆齿轮进行模态分析,得到了椭圆齿轮的前六阶固有频率和对应振型。该方法和所得结果为动态设计提供了参考,同时也为椭圆齿轮系统的动态响应计算和分析奠定了基础。     

岩下大鲵自然保护区蕨类植物资源初步研究

通过对采自岩下大鲵自然保护区250份蕨类植物标本整理鉴定表明。该区共有蕨类植物26科,55属,117种（包括亚种、变种）。优势科为：Dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Selaginellaceae, Aspleniaceae,Athyriaceaeo     

Silicon＇s organic pool and biological cycle in moso bamboo community of Wuyishan Biosphere Reserve

Biomineralization of Si by plants into phytolith formation and precipitation of Si into clays during weathering are two important processes of silicon’s biogeochemical cycle. As a silicon-accumulating plant, the widely distributed and woody Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens (moso bamboo) contributes to storing silicon by biomineralization and, thus, prevents eutrophication of nearby waterbodies through silicon’s erosion of soil particles. A study on the organic pool and biological cycle of silicon (Si) of the moso bamboo community was conducted in Wuyishan Biosphere Reserve, China. The results showed that: (1) the standing crop of the moso bamboo community was 13355.4 g/m², of which 53.61%, 45.82% and 0.56% are represented by the aboveground and belowground parts of moso bamboos, and the understory plants, respectively; (2) the annual net primary production of the community was 2887.1 g/(m²·a), among which the aboveground part, belowground part, litterfalls, and other fractions, accounted for 55.86%, 35.30%, 4.50% and 4.34%, respectively; (3) silicon concentration in stem, branch, leaf, base of stem, root, whip of bamboos, and other plants was 0.15%, 0.79%, 3.10%, 4.40%, 7.32%, 1.52% and 1.01%, respectively; (4) the total Si accumulated in the standing crop of moso bamboo community was 448.91 g/m², with 99.83% of Si of the total community stored in moso bamboo populations; (5) within moso bamboo community, the annual uptake, retention, and return of Si were 95.75, 68.43, 27.32 g/(m²·a), respectively; (6) the turnover time of Si, which is the time an average atom of Si remains in the soil before it is recycled into the trees or shrubs, was 16.4 years; (7) the enrichment ratio of Si in the moso bamboo community, which is the ratio of the mean concentration of nutrients in the net primary production to the mean concentration of nutrients in the biomass of a community, was 0.64; and lastly, (8) moso bamboo plants stored about 1.26×10¹⁰ kg of silicon in the organic pool made up by the moso bamboo forests in the subtropical area of China. Project (No. 30370275) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Using the Arts to Raise Awareness and Communicate Environmental Information in the Extension Context

Abstract

Extension services face an increasing challenge as the state of Australia's environment declines. It is, therefore, opportune to explore some innovations in the way extension is traditionally delivered. This paper introduces the concept of the visual and performing arts being useful in extension of natural resources management issues such as land water degradation, biodiversity conservation, catchment protection and vegetation management. The paper surveys how the arts and science have met historically and contemporaneously, focusing on examples from ecology such as wildlife and botanical art. It then examines how extension practitioners view the arts, through an analysis of interviews with 26 extensionists working in natural resources management. Extensionists identified five areas that the arts might be utilized to help increase understanding and knowledge of natural resources issues: improving presentations; improving public campaigns and general awareness-raising; aiding facilitation and community development; reinforcing values and beliefs; and helping build a culture that is environmentally sustainable. Despite the potential value of arts in extension, few practitioners in extension use the arts to any great extent to assist in the communication of their messages. The research points to new opportunities for natural resources agencies and conservation organizations to improve their reach into the community. By building a relationship with the arts community they will be able to improve the efficacy of their extension.     

情感计算在网络远程教育系统中的应用：功能、研究现状及关键问题

情感能力是人类智能的重要标志,情感的缺失会影响网络远程教育的教学质量和学习者的学习效果。情感计算是和谐人机交互与人工智能领域中新的研究方向。在网络远程教育系统中应用情感计算理论与技术,可以进一步优化网络远程教育的功能,帮助教师监测远程学习者的情感变化,调整教学策略和方法,实时给予学习者情感反馈,使教学质量达到最佳。目前国内外情感计算在远程教育方面的应用研究还处于起步与探索阶段,所构建的远程教学系统对远程教学中师生情感生理特征与心理特征、多模情感信息融合机制及网络虚拟人机情感交互特性等考虑不足,系统原型在情感合成与表达、智能人机情感交互实现上存在着很大的难度。因此,构建与人类情感系统相吻合的、自然和谐的、人性化和智能化的网络远程教育系统,需要有效解决师生面部表情、语音情感特征信号的准确识别与提取,师生多模情感信息融合机制与和谐人机情感交互技术等关键问题。     

Domesticated Animals on Exhibit at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1900–1928

In 1905 the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University began planning for a new domesticated animals exhibition in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of its founder Louis Agassiz. The resulting displays of variation and heredity in poultry, pigeons, rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs proved surprisingly popular to museumgoers. Some of these specimens still exist in the museum’s storage facilities, namely a series of poultry donated by the biologist Charles B. Davenport and an elaborate set of guinea pigs from the experimental evolutionist William E. Castle. Situating these domesticated animal displays within academic and popular cultures of poultry fancying, animal breeding, and evolutionary science reveals how a nineteenth-century museum known for its ties to anti-evolutionary principles attempted to modernize its public exhibits.