髋关节肌群功能特性的定量分析研究 ———肌肉功能转换角和肌肉功能补偿概念的提出及应用

以人体尸体样本下肢肌肉附着点、关节转动中心在相应环节基准坐标系的坐标为基础，利用下肢肌肉功能模犁计算机应用分析软件，对髋关节肌群、力臂的变化规律进行分析，建立适合于活体应用的下肢肌肉功能模型，对髋关节肌群的肌肉功能参数进行定量研究。提出了肌肉功能转换角和肌肉功能补偿的概念及其在髋关节肌群肌肉功能分析中的应用。     

少年短跑运动员大腿后侧肌群力量训练浅析

就少年短跑运动员大腿后侧肌群力量训练比重失调 ,而引起大腿力量发展不均衡 ,使运动员在比赛中肌肉易受损伤并影响运动成绩 ,进行深入的分析。指出在少年短跑训练中应高度重视对大腿后侧肌群的力量训练 ,要根据少年选手的具体情况 ,采用相应的力量训练方法与手段进行针对性训练 ,以尽快缩小大腿前后侧肌群力量的差异 ,提高肌肉力量训练的整体水平 ,为提高短跑运动成绩预防肌肉拉伤打下良好基础。     

对下肢肌骨系统解剖学模型的研究

本文采用近景摄影测量技术,对人体(尸体)下肢肌肉起止点进行测量;用DLT公式解析,求得国人下肢肌肉起止点三维坐标;建立起止点坐标与有关的人体测量学参数间的回归方程,为活体起止点位置的推算提供依据。     

对间歇及持续训练后小鼠心肌超微结构及其线粒体形态计量的研究

间歇训练法与持续训练法是常用的主要训练手段。通过对小鼠的实验后发现,采用间歇训练后,其心肌超微结构的变化不及持续训练组小鼠严重。提示:间歇训练法可以较省力地完成更大的运动量。     

优秀女子短道速度滑冰运动员下肢肌力特征及与500米成绩的回归分析

摘要：目的：探讨短道速度滑冰运动员下肢肌力特征以及与500米成绩的回归分析,增强训练的优化性和对项目规律的认识。方法：运用ISOMED 2000多关节等速测力系统对我国10名女子短道速度滑冰国家队队员膝、踝关节肌肉力量进行测试。结果：1）相对峰力矩和总功指标角随速度增加而下降,各速度间呈显著性差异;而膝、踝关节屈伸比指标低于国际和国内标准;运动员的膝关节爆发能力较好,踝关节在高速度下表现不足。2）左右腿同名肌群除膝关节屈伸比、踝关节平均功率两项指标,均呈显著性差异（p<0.05）,多个指标超过10%的推荐值膝关节差值在4.5%～12.9%之间,踝关节差值在5.5%～14.5%之间。3）膝伸肌群峰力矩角度（240°/s）、膝屈肌群相对峰力矩（240°/s）和膝伸肌群平均功率（180°/s）3组指标进入与500 m成绩的逐步回归方程,相关系数为0.94,决定系数为0.90,方差检验p<0.05,方程有效。结论：优秀女子短道运动员下肢膝、踝关节屈伸力量符合生物力学特征,对于短道速度滑冰项目高速度区比低速度区的力量能力更重要,膝关节肌群相对踝关节在500 m项目中起到更大作用,短道运动员的膝、踝屈伸肌群比例较低,或具有项目特点,与技术相关的力量指标与成绩的相关性更高,训练中应加强两腿同名肌群力量的平衡性,减少由于肌群不平衡所引起的伤病和技术缺陷。     

The effect of minimal shoes on arch structure and intrinsic foot muscle strength

BackgroundThis prospective study explored the effects of endurance running (ER) in minimal versus standard running shoes on the foot's superficial layer intrinsic muscles and the function of the longitudinal arch. Our hypothesis was that running in minimal shoes would cause hypertrophy in these muscles and lead to higher, stronger, stiffer arches.MethodsThe hypothesis was tested using a sample of 33 healthy runners randomized into two groups, a control group shod in traditional running footwear and an experimental group shod in minimal support footwear, whose feet were scanned in an MRI before and after a 12-week training regime. Running kinematics as well as arch stiffness and height were also assessed before and after the treatment period.ResultsAnalysis of anatomical cross-sectional areas and muscle volumes indicate that the flexor digitorum brevis muscle became larger in both groups by 11% and 21%, respectively, but only the minimally shod runners had significant areal and volumetric increases of the abductor digiti minimi of 18% and 22%, respectively, and significantly increased longitudinal arch stiffness (60%).ConclusionThese results suggest that endurance running in minimal support footwear with 4 mm offset or less makes greater use of the spring-like function of the longitudinal arch, thus leading to greater demands on the intrinsic muscles that support the arch, thereby strengthening the foot.     

Comparison of EMG activity during stable and unstable push-up protocols

Abstract

This experiment examined muscle activation measured using electromyography (EMG) during a standardized push-up performed on stable and unstable surfaces. Fifteen highly trained participants performed four push-ups: standard (hands and feet on the floor), either the hands or feet on an unstable surface (single instability), and with both hands and feet on unstable surfaces (dual instability). Unstable surfaces were created using a stability ball and an extreme balance board. EMG activity was recorded from three core stabilizers (erector spinae, rectus abdominus and internal obliques), one prime mover (triceps), and one lower body stabilizer (soleus). The EMG time series were smoothed using a 10-point moving average and root mean squares (RMS) were calculated for the entire time series. The results showed that push-ups performed with dual instability had significantly greater EMG activation compared to single instability or the stable push-up. In addition, as instability increased, there was a greater amount of muscle activation for the core stabilizers, prime movers and lower body stabilizers. The findings are consistent with the position that unstable surfaces in conjunction with standard exercises can be used to increase activation of core trunk stabilizers. This may in turn provide increased trunk strength and greater resistance to injury.     

核心肌群训练对腰椎间盘突出症的改善作用

探讨核心肌群训练在腰椎间盘突出症治疗中的价值。对120名腰椎间盘突出症患者进行了5个月的核心肌群训练。结合螺旋CT、MRI造影技术对患处进行分析对比。结果表明实验组患者生理曲线改善程度显著高于参照组(P<0.05),实验组患者腰部疼痛感大腿麻木感较参照组有较大明显改善(P<0.01)。实验结论:通过核心肌群训练能够明显改善腰椎间盘周围韧带的牵张力消除肌肉粘连稳定腰椎等积极作用,对预防和治疗腰椎间盘突出症,防止再次复发具有重要的临床价值。     

Intra- and inter-rater reliability of the rate of force development of hip abductor muscles measured by hand-held dynamometer

The aim of this study was to clarify the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the rate of force development in hip abductor muscle force measurements using a hand-held dynamometer. Thirty healthy adults were separately assessed by two independent raters on two separate days. Rate of force development was calculated from the slope of the force-time curve that was divided into four time intervals (50, 100, 200, and 300 ms). The highest values of the three trials were used for statistical analysis. The intra-class correlation coefficient with a 95% confidence interval, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change at the 95% confidence level were calculated for each interval. For assessment of systematic error, Bland-Altman analysis was used. The results indicated that intra- and inter-rater reliability of the highest values at all intervals were sufficient (intra-class correlation coefficient > .7). The Bland-Altman analysis did not show systematic error in either reliability measure.     

Reliability assessment and correlation analysis of 3 protocols to measure trunk muscle strength and endurance

Different methods have been developed to quantify trunk muscle strength and endurance. However, some important protocol characteristics are still unclear, hindering the selection of the most suitable tests in each specific situation. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and the relationship between 3 representative tests of the most common type of protocols used to assess trunk muscle strength and endurance. Twenty-seven healthy men performed each test twice spaced 1 month apart.Trunk strength and endurance were evaluated with an isokinetic dynamometer and 2 field tests including Biering-Sørensen test and Flexion–rotation trunk test.

All tests showed a good relative consistency (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]> 0.75), except for the isokinetic endurance variables which had low–moderate reliability (0.37 < ICC > 0.65). Absolute reliability seemed slightly better in the isokinetic protocol than in the field tests, which showed about 12% of test–retest score increase. No significant correlations were found between test scores.

After a familiarisation period for the field tests, the 3 protocols can be used to obtain reliable measures of trunk muscle strength and endurance. Based on the correlation analysis, these measures are not related, which highlights the importance of selecting the most suitable trunk test for each situation.