Reflecting on their mission increases preservice teachers’ growth mindsets

When teachers believe that students' abilities are fixed, their students' motivation, well-being, and performance tend to suffer. While many interventions have been developed to reduce these so-called fixed mindsets in students and increase the belief that abilities are malleable (i.e., a growth mindset), there are no cost-effective, scalable interventions targeting teachers' mindsets. To address this need, we developed a brief intervention consisting of a reflection task in which teachers thought and wrote about their mission as educators. Two experiments with preservice teachers (total N = 576) revealed that this brief intervention increased their growth mindsets (meta-analytic d = 0.25). This increase did not dissipate over the course of a week (meta-analytic d = 0.26), suggesting the intervention's effects are not ephemeral. Although more work is needed to establish the robustness and generalizability of this intervention's effects, it may ultimately become a useful tool for teacher education programs.     

网球发球认知辅助训练的“干预－水平匹配”效应

以认知干预为代表的心理技能训练被广泛用于运动员技能的改善,其中表象训练和自我谈话对运动操作表现的改善获得大量的研究支持,但在不同水平的运动员中的适用情况存在争议。本研究旨在考察能否通过认知干预来加以改善不同水平网球选手的发球准确性。研究对象为国家网球青年集训队男运动员（ n ＝24）与网球专项大学生男运动员（n ＝24）。研究采用3×2组间设计。实验组在两周间进行6次发球表象训练或自我谈话训练,对照组观看体能训练录像。因变量为一发击中目标区域的准确度改善率,协变量为身高。结果显示,对高水平选手而言,表象训练与自我谈话对一发准确性均有改善效果,表象训练效果更优;对大学生运动员而言,只有自我谈话能改善一发准确性而表象训练无显著效果,但自我谈话对大学生运动员一发准确性的改善效果比优秀运动员更明显。本研究总体支持了认知干预的有效性,同时提出针对专项需求和训练目的将心理训练方法与运动水平进行匹配是确保心理训练有效的重要前提。     

Transition to the School Playground: An intervention programme for nursery children

From an ecological perspective, this paper presents selective findings based on practitioner action research which is deliberately written in the first person. The focus is the transition from nursery playground to the school playground of 13 nursery children, all 4-years-old. The paper outlines the first 4-week cycle of action of a 13-week intervention programme. The programme aimed at promoting social and emotional development so that the children became more adaptive to challenges in the new context of the school playground. The findings reveal that process and connectivity of the programme promoted a sense of belonging in which the children reciprocally nurtured each other, acknowledged and recognised feelings and formed friendships so that when they started school they became more resilient within the school playground. The findings also highlight areas of vulnerability which need to be addressed concerning school routines and very young children.     

学习困难学生教育干预措施的发展与展望

本文根据西方学习困难儿童教育干预措施的大量研究文献 ,以策略教学为主线 ,分别从加工过程训练的淘汰与策略教学的兴起 ,直接教学与策略教学的交替、并行 ,两种角度介绍了学习困难儿童教育干预措施研究的发展 ;并对其发展趋势进行了展望 ,总结出了个体化与主体性、整体化与整合性两个特点 ,可以为学习困难生教育干预的本土化研究提供借鉴。     

Das Dilemma des Lehrerberufs sind … die Lehrer?

Zusammenfassung  Lehrerinnen und Lehrer erscheinen in der Forschung zur Belastung und Beanspruchung im Lehrerberuf nicht nur als Informanten über die Belastungsquellen sowie über die Wirkungen und Folgen der beruflichen Beanspruchungen. Sie werden zugleich durch die – in diesem Beitrag kritisierte – dominierende Erfassung individueller Pers?nlichkeitsmerkmale in der Forschung implizit selbst als ma?geblicher Faktor der Belastung und Beanspruchung im Beruf behandelt und empirisch erfasst. Da jedoch in der bisherigen Forschung – so der Kern der Kritik – systematisch in erster Linie nur personenbezogene Merkmale erfasst werden, kann ein Primat dieser Faktoren vor personenunabh?ngigen, bedingungs- bzw. verh?ltnisbezogenen Aspekten sowie die einseitige konzeptionelle Ausrichtung der Forschung nicht empirisch begründet werden. Als Konsequenz aus der diagnostizierten Einseitigkeit werden im Anschluss an arbeits- und organisationspsychologische Zug?nge Forschungsbemühungen gefordert, die sich der Erfassung struktureller, berufsspezifischer Merkmale des Arbeitsplatzes Schule und des beruflichen Handelns von Lehrerinnen und Lehrern und damit einer situations- bzw. bedingungsbezogenen Analyse der Berufst?tigkeit mit Blick auf Belastungen und Beanspruchungen widmen. Auf diese Weise sollte eine ausgewogene empirische Basis für eine differenzierte Analyse und Interpretation von Personenmerkmalen sowie Arbeits- bzw. Situationsmerkmalen geschaffen werden, die schlie?lich in den Versuch der Integration beider Betrachtungsweisen münden kann.

Parents’ participation on school councils analysed through Arnstein’s ladder of participation

Although parent school councils are the archetypal arrangement for engaging parents in school improvement planning, their effectiveness is negligible when it comes to building parents’ capacity for and confidence in educational decision-making. Using Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation, this qualitative case study investigated the nature and degree of parents’ participation on six school community councils (SCCs) in Saskatchewan, Canada. Focus groups and interviews with SCC parent members, and school and district leaders were the chief data sources. In most schools, the SCC structure did not dislodge time-honoured barriers that restricted parents’ influence on extracurricular issues. A conceptual examination of participation affords a process-oriented understanding of parent involvement that complements the existing focus on the factors that impact school council effectiveness as an outcome.     

How does the “PACE Maths” approach impact on the practice of school staff?

Mathematical skills are essential for young people to attain academic results needed for further study and employment. Recent changes to the English National Curriculum have put an increased emphasis on pupils explaining the reasoning behind answers in maths. This is a skill that can be developed by improving metacognitive skills. The authors report on an in-class programme for small group work, based on prior studies that utilised metacognition to support maths. An evaluation was conducted including a focus group interview and observation, modelling and feedback sessions over approximately 10 weeks. Results from interview analysis showed a positive impact both on staff practice and pupils’ independent problem solving. Adaptations based on research findings were made to the programme and handbook. This programme represents a flexible, inclusive and low resource option for schools to address new challenges posed by the National Curriculum in times of budget cuts and increased time pressure.     

试论澳大利亚职业教育中的政府作用——论实质性政府干预对中国职业教育发展的重要性

澳大利亚的职业教育培训制度现在已被公认为具有世界先进水平。文章通过讨论澳大利亚职业教育中的政府宏观调控色彩、其所经历的改革中的政府介入的作用以及澳大利亚职教的发展道路对我国职教改革的启示,着重指出实质性政府干预对当前我国职业教育发展的重要性。在我国决心大力发展高等职业教育,推行人才培养模式改革的现阶段,澳大利亚职业教育的发展道路对我们有着一定的借鉴意义。