The effects of syllable instruction on phonemic awareness in preschoolers

Purpose

Preschooler instruction for speech sound awareness typically teaches a progression of speech units from sentences to phonemes, ending at simple first phoneme activities. This study investigates the effects of teaching advanced tasks of phoneme blending and segmenting with and without the larger speech unit of the syllable.

Method

Thirty-nine 4-5-year-old typically developing children received twice-weekly small-group instruction in three conditions: two weeks of syllable tasks then four weeks of multiple phoneme tasks (SP), four weeks of multiple phoneme tasks only (MP), or an active control condition of first phoneme instruction (FP).

Results

The conditions SP and MP showed large significant gains on blending and segmenting and no significant differences on first phoneme isolating compared to the FP condition. A comparison of SP and MP did not show significant differences on phoneme blending and segmenting, but SP showed significantly more confusion during early sessions of phoneme instruction.

Conclusion

This preliminary evidence suggests that preschoolers can improve understanding of phoneme blending and segmenting, without first being taught syllable blending and segmenting, and with no negative effects on first sound awareness. These findings support a more efficient way of teaching preschoolers awareness of the individual sounds of speech. Replication with a larger sample, including children at-risk for literacy difficulties, is recommended before firm conclusions should be drawn.     

试析课程编制过程中的落差——现象学视角

学生课业负担的许多客观事实显示,课程编制过程中存在着两级落差。从改革初衷到课程标准的第一级落差,主源自各自追求本学科可能发展区间的最大化以及总体协商、调控机制的缺乏;从课程标准到教科书的第二级落差,主源自某些标准的引申、充实、拓展失度,目标把握失当,教材都挤内容拓展一条道。控制落差的主对策是:降低课程编制的决策风险,加强实证研究,改进与完善评估机制。     

The disease burden of childhood adversities in adults: a population-based study

Objectives

There is much evidence showing that childhood adversities have considerable effects on the mental and physical health of adults. It could be assumed therefore, that the disease burden of childhood adversities is high. It has not yet been examined, however, whether this is true.

Method

We used data of a large representative sample (N = 7,076) of the general population in the Netherlands. We calculated the disability weight (DW) for each respondent. The DW is a weight factor that reflects the severity of a disease or condition on a scale from 0 (perfect health) to 1 (equivalent to death). We used an algorithm based on the SF-6D to estimate DW. Because the DW indicates the proportion of a healthy life year that is reduced by the specific health state of the individual, it also possible to calculate the total number of years lost due to disability (YLD) in the population. We calculated the years lived with disability (YLD) for 9 different childhood adversities (in the areas of parental psychopathology; abuse and neglect; major life events), as well as for major categories of mental disorders and general medical disorders.

Results

All 9 adversities resulted in a significantly increased DW, except death of a parent before the age of 16. Adversities in the category of abuse and neglect are associated with the highest DWs (0.057), followed by parental psychopathology (0.031) and life events during childhood (0.012). All adversities (46.4% of the population reports one or more adversity) are associated with 20.7 YLD/1,000, which is more than all mental disorders together (12.9 YLD/1,000). The category of abuse/neglect has the highest YLD/1,000 (15.8), which is also higher than all mental disorders together. Adjustment for the presence of mental and general medical disorders resulted in comparable outcomes.

Conclusions

Childhood adversities are more important from a public health point of view than all common mental disorders together, and should be a priority for public health interventions.     

体育锻炼对身心健康的影响及其机制

阐述了体育锻炼对身心健康的促进作用、负性影响及其机制,以及促进身心健康的体育锻炼项目和负荷。最后从改变不良的生活方式、养成良好的锻炼习惯和制定并实施适合个体特点的运动处方3个方面列举了体育锻炼促进身心健康的注意事项。     

减轻学生过重课业负担的教师PCKg研究

综合一线教师学科教学认知（PCKg）的自我总结、反思,减轻学生过重课业负担应该从教师教学、学校管理两方面入手,后者是前者的支撑。一线教师对中小学招生考试制度改革的基本诉求是：立足基础、丰富形式、两考分离、等级赋分。     

“过重课业负担”是概念,还是判断?——针对“过负”概念及其直接目的的探讨

有关"过负"问题的研究,浩瀚无穷,但它是一个概念,还是一个判断,则始终没有提出过。这个缺失,直接制约了减负研究的深入,对减负政策及其实践都带来不利影响。本文认为,"过负"是概念与判断的复合体,但首先应作为一个概念来揭示,因为它应对着一种独立的社会现象和教育现象,它不是能在"课业""学业"或"课程"范畴中,可加以揭示和刻画的现象或问题。"过负"内涵,可以归结为四点:外驱化、高压化、片面化和高耗化。相应地,减负直接目的或目标由此归结为三个:保护或维护好儿童的身心材质这一民族的最根本的天赋资源;保障和落实儿童权利和权益;给儿童或学生留出自我发展或自主发展的必要时空。减负的这三大目的或目标,同时也体现为向"建设现代社会和现代教育"这一最终目标的努力和驱近。     

民事举证责任的经济学解释及启示

举证责任的分配是民事证据制度中的核心问题,其与民法上的权利构成要件与权利妨碍要件的界分存在紧密联系。举证责任分配的背后有着经济理性的考量与支撑。我国民法尤其是侵权法领域习惯于采用无条件的举证责任倒置的方法,来化解一些案件当中的受害人对特定事实的证明困境。但从预期举证成本最小化的角度考量,"无条件的举证责任倒置"未必是解决受害人证明困境的妥适方法。证明标准的适当降低或有条件的举证责任倒置也许能更好地解决问题。     

刍议调解中的证明问题

调解是一种根据合意的纠纷解决方式。必须在调解中坚持最基本的证明观念：调解中同样存在证明的问题,当事人需要对基本事实进行证明,调解员也承担着对基本事实进行了解、查明的责任。调解中的证明与诉讼中的证明相比存在自身的独特性：调解中的证明是一种自由证明,而非严格证明;调解中存在主观证明责任,但是客观证明责任在调解中不一定发生作用;调解中证明标准具有更大灵活性,但要避免在调解中过分降低证明标准。     

学业负担对初中生身体健康的影响研究——基于中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)数据分析

基于中国教育追踪调查(CEPS) 2015全国大样本基线调查数据,利用多层线性回归分析方法,探讨主观学业负担和客观学业负担对我国初中生身体健康的影响。研究发现:(1)初中生的主观学业负担和客观学业负担都较重。(2)各学科主观学业负担对初中生患病率有显著正向影响。(3)周中周末校内学业负担对初中生患病率有显著正向影响。(4)周末学科类课外补习时长对初中生患病率有显著正向影响。(5)周末非学科类课外补习时长对初中生患病率有显著负向影响。为此,应统筹主观和客观学业负担一起减,促进学生身心健康成长;强化学校的育人主阵地作用,减轻学生的学业负担;区分不同类型的课外补习,采取分类治理精准施策。     

认知负荷理论对高职课程教学减负的启示——以《电路》教学为例

在阐述认知负荷理论基本观点和认知负荷结构的基础上,结合高职《电路》内容以及高职学生学习特点,分析降低认知负荷的各种教学设计策略。