乡镇政府的不合理财政行为及其后果分析

分析了农村乡镇政府的几种主要财政行为，包括提留款、计划生育罚款、外出务工无证罚款、违反规则种植罚款和其它行政性收费等，之后利用经济学原理分析了这类财政行为的经济后果，认为中国农村各种不规范的收费会严重阻碍农村的经济发展。     

农民负担问题的原因与对策探讨

2006 年,施行近半个世纪的<中华人民共和国农业税条例>被废止.自此,在中国历史上延续了2600多年的"皇粮国税"--"农业税"被永远请出了历史舞台.全国免征农业税,这确实减轻了农民的部分负担,但在农业税免征的新形势下,农民的隐性负担又凸显出来,农村减负工作仍有待探讨.     

小议民事诉讼证明责任分配的司法裁量

证明责任对民事诉讼的重要性不言而喻。司法实践中,证明责任的分配除了法律直接规定外,更多的需要法官的司法裁量。因此如何规范证明责任司法裁量权,防止法官权力的滥用就显得尤为重要。     

农民人生命运的悲苦及其历史负担的沉重

新时期农民小说创作高潮迭起,呈现着百花齐放、百家争鸣的格局。此时,冷静下来的作家们开始审视农民的本质存在．农民再也不是革命的力量和“同盟军”,而是恢复了浮躁、彷徨、保守、麻木、落后及其人生命运酸辛、悲苦及其历史负担沉重的本来面目。     

实施快乐体育给学生体育课"减负"

转变观念,改进体育教学模式,提高教学质量是当前素质教育对体育教学教育所提出的更高要求.传统的体育教学模式束缚了体育教师本身陷入规定的、条框式的教学模式之中,严重影响着学校体育的发展,造成学生目前出现喜欢体育而不喜欢体育课的局面.现代体育教学是多元化的趋势方向发展,在教与学的关系上,把教学的主体转向学生,是一种有效提高学生身体素质和锻炼能力的体育教学方法,而运用现代体育教学模式--快乐体育,是从本质上为学生体育课"减负"的有效途径.     

几个公共选择理论的应用及分析研究

为解决农民负担过重和乡村基础设施建设存在约束软化、决策独裁、效率低下问题而出台的"一事一议"制度,在乡村基础设施建设中从很大程度上达到了制度设计的预期效果,受到广大农民朋友的欢迎。当然,如同其他改革一样,该制度在实施的过程中,也不可避免地遇到了一些问题。本文运用俱乐部理论、利益集团理论、多数票通过规则等公共选择理论,做较深入细致的分析研究,以期对乡村基础设施建设模式的改进有所裨益,为社会主义新农村建设作出贡献。     

An analysis of the vitamin D overtesting in a tertiary healthcare centre

IntroductionVitamin D testing is excessively used in clinical practice, despite of the clinical guidelines statements against population screening for vitamin D deficiency. This study aimed to assess an annual number of performed 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) tests that were unsupported by the national guidelines for prevention, detection and therapy of vitamin D deficiency in adults and to calculate associated financial burden for the publicly funded healthcare.Materials and methodsA representative sample of requested 25(OH)D tests in 2018 (N = 474) was formed after selection and randomisation of data set (N = 5298) collected from the laboratory information system database of the Clinical Department for Laboratory Diagnostics, the Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka. Records were classified in two groups depending on associated medical condition(s) according to the national guidelines. An annual cost of the total and group specific vitamin D testing was calculated on the base of a single test price reimbursed by the Croatian Healthcare Insurance Fund (CHIF).ResultsMedical conditions with high-risk for vitamin D deficiency were detected in 43% (206/474) of vitamin D requests (group 1). Conditions not associated with vitamin D deficiency were detected in 57% (268/474) requests (group 2). A total cost of 25(OH)D testing for the CHIF was 58,729.50 EUR (25,523.79 EUR in the group 1 and 33,205.71 EUR in the group 2).ConclusionsMore than half of all 25(OH)D tests performed in the clinical laboratory represent avoidable cost for the public healthcare. Prevention of population screening by vitamin D testing is needed.     

滨海新区税收与经济增长关系研究

天津滨海新区作为中国经济发展的第三增长极,近年来发展迅速,国内生产总值和税收收入不断提高.目前滨海新区经济宏观税负不高,税收弹性波动较大,不利于保证财政收入和未来经济的增长.因此,需要适度提高宏观税负并确定稳定的税收弹性,促进税收与经济增长良性循环机制的形成.     

对军事体育课中运动负荷与课的密度的思考

对军事体育课中运动负荷与课的密度进行研究，阐述了在军事体育课合理运用课的密度与运动负荷的重要性，为进一步深化军事体育训练提供借鉴。     

Language specific speech perception and the onset of reading

In two studies the relationship between theonset of reading and language specific speechperception, the degree to which native speechperception is superior to non-native speechperception, was investigated. In Experiment 1with children of 4, 6, and 8 years, languagespecific speech perception occurred maximallyat 6 years and was positively related toreading ability for age and languagecomprehension level. In Experiment 2, with anexpanded range of ages and various stimulus andtask changes, the relationship between readingand language specific speech perception stillheld, and maximal language specific speechperception occurred around the onset of readinginstruction for three different sets of speechcontrasts, but not for a control set ofnon-speech contrasts. The results show thatlanguage specific speech perception is alinguistic rather than an acoustic phenomenon.Results are discussed in terms of early speechperception abilities, experience with oralcommunication, cognitive ability, readingability, alphabetic versus logographiclanguages, phonics versus whole word readinginstruction, and the effect of age versusinstruction.