Gender constructions and negotiations in physical education: case studies

In Denmark as in other European countries, many girls, and especially Muslim girls, seem to lose interest in physical activities and sport with increasing age. However, in a Danish context, little is known about the reasons why girls drop out of sport and which role physical education (PE) plays in this process. In this article we present results of a qualitative study on gendered discourses and doing gender in a PE class at a Danish high school. Drawing on constructivist and post-structuralist approaches to gender and ethnicity, we explore the different opportunities of girls in PE based on in-depth interviews and video observations. Three case studies of three girls are the focus of this article: Nanna, the Danish ‘athletic girl’ who found a balance between (en)acting femininity and presenting herself as a competent athlete; Iram, the ‘Muslim girl’ whose position as a Muslim causes her to hide her sporting abilities and Ida, the Danish ‘normal girl’ who re-interprets PE and adapts it to her needs. These three girls act in and react to a discourse that emphasises competitive sport and is orientated towards male sport tastes and sport practices. The results of this study indicate that PE, with its focus on games and performances, meets the requirements and expectations of many boys but contributes to the decrease in sporting interests and activities among numerous girls.     

Implementing Godly Play in educational settings: a cautionary tale

At the heart of all curriculum decision-making is the learner. Contemporary early childhood education theory and practice emphasises young children’s agency and voice in their learning paying particular attention to valuing each child’s sociocultural contexts. As learners, children are considered capable and active participants rather than as deficit and passive recipients. How does the implementation of godly play in prior-to-school and school early years settings sit within a contemporary view of childhood? To what extent does this programme align with early childhood theory and practice? This paper seeks to evaluate the presence and place of godly play (which is not a curriculum and nor does it claim to be a curriculum) in the religiously affiliated early childhood education context in either prior-to-school or school settings. It is to be emphasised that this paper is not evaluating the presence and place of godly play in the faith community of the local parish where all who participate are believers coming together to share that faith and to have that faith strengthened. However, its presence and place in formal educational settings outside of parish faith communities is questionable and requires closer critique.     

三网融合实验室管理平台的构建

阐述了三网融合实验室的动力环境监控系统、门禁管理系统、电源控制系统、实验室综合管理系统几个模块的建设,以建立模块化、流程化和信息化的融合实验室管理体系,提高通信专业实验室的教学质量、管理水平和服务水平,推进适应行业发展的三网融合实验管理平台的建设。     

信息平台:三网融合的产业制高点

三网融合最直观的影响是消融了传媒产业、信息技术产业和电子通信产业的边界,形成了一个"媒信通融合大产业",而三网融合最深远的影响则是竞争方式的改变和竞争焦点的转移。以开放、对等、协作、共享为特征的"平台模式"将成为融合产业中最具竞争力的发展模式,而"信息平台"这种新型产业组织形式将成为三网融合产业竞争中的制高点。     

The Playing Learning Child: Towards a pedagogy of early childhood

From children's own perspective, play and learning are not always separate in practices during early years. The purpose of this article is, first, to scrutinise the background and character of early years education in terms of play and learning. Second, to elaborate the findings of several years of research about children's learning in preschool related to the curriculum of early years education and, finally, to propose a sustainable pedagogy for the future, which does not separate play from learning but draws upon the similarities in character in order to promote creativity in future generations. Introducing the notions of act and object of learning and play (by act we mean how children play and learn and with the object we mean what children play and learn) we will chisel out an alternative early childhood education approach, here called developmental pedagogy, based on recent research in the field of play and learning, but also related to earlier approaches to early education.     

Selected sources on modern international communication∗

FRONTIERS OF COMMUNICATION: THE AMERICAS IN SEARCH OF POLITICAL CULTURE. By Karin Dovring. Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1975; pp. 172. $6.95.

ZEN AND THE ART OF MOTORCYCLE MAINTENANCE: AN INQUIRY INTO VALUES. By Robert M. Pirsig. New York: Bantam Books, 1975; pp. vi+406. Paper $2.25. (Also New York: William Morrow &; Co., 1974; $7.95.)

THE MESSAGE IN THE BOTTLE. By Walker Percy. New York: Farrar, Straus &; Giroux, 1975: pp. 335. $8.95.

A PRIMER OF MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS By Richard J. Harris. New York: Academic Press, 1975; pp. 332. $13.95.     

Social topography of children’s play: focusing on the middle-class parenting practices in South Korea

Abstract

This study aims to understand the ways in which children’s play is situated in and shaped by middle-class parenting practices in South Korea. Drawing on a set of data collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 parents having children aged 6–11?years, I observe that despite the widespread rhetoric of the significance of play, parents’ scheduling of their children’s daily routine centres around ‘study’, while play, especially free play, is left for in between times and limited spaces. Play is prominently associated with and instrumental in developing children’s social skills and ensuring their emotional state. In line with the trend in the Global North where a broader concept of play is being institutionalised and incorporated into organised enrichment activities, play spaces are increasingly becoming a site of strategic family consumption. The changing geographies of play strongly reflect the neoliberal climate which generates anxiety and exhaustion related to parenting practices.     

VO~(2+)络合物在微球硅胶上固载化的ESR研究

本文报道利用ESR技术研究VO~(2+)络合物在微球硅胶上的固载化.     

Utility and Reliability of an App for the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (iSOPARC®)

The app for the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (iSOPARC®) was developed to enhance System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities data collection and management. The study aim was to examine the usability and inter-rater reliability of iSOPARC®. Trained observers collected data in 16 park areas in two Latin America cities (Curitiba, Brazil; Bogotá, Colombia) using both the original System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (mechanical counter) and new iSOPARC® (electronic counter) methods. A total of 8,707 park users (3,958 females and 4,749 males) were observed. Reliabilities among observers were determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient and relative overall agreement (%) in three ways: (a) mechanical versus mechanical, (b) mechanical versus electronic, and (c) electronic versus electronic. When both used mechanical counters comparisons overall agreement was over 78% (intraclass correlation coefficient = .982; p < .001) for variables in all analysis. When one used a mechanical counter and the other used electronic (iSOPARC®) comparisons overall agreement was higher for age (84%; p < .001) than for physical activity (83%; p < .001) variables and average intraclass correlation coefficient was .965. Using both used iSOPARC® comparisons overall agreement was 81% to physical activity and 83% to age group. Results suggest iSOPARC® can be used reliably for examining variables previously validated in System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities.     

影戏的娱乐、审美功能简论

影戏虽然是为满足俗民的“信仰”需求而产生的,但作为戏尉的一种,它也具有多重审美价值和审美功能：作为戏剧的一种,观众可以像欣赏其他戏剧那样或看或听,以领略其神情韵味;影戏艺人有非常强的插科打诨和即兴创编能力;影戏具有一些“人戏”所无法比拟的特性,可展现更为广阔的世界;影人作为一种内涵丰富的工艺品能给广大民众以强烈的审美娱悦;艺人操作娴熟并有许多特技表演。