图书馆学研究对象的历史演变与成因分析

自图书馆学概念提出以来,已有二百多年的发展历史,依据不同历史阶段的研究主题,可将其研究对象划分为机构范式、社会学范式、信息范式、知识范式和人文范式五个阶段。不同研究范式反映了各个历史阶段研究热点或主题的变化,从中可以看出每个阶段图书馆学研究对象的演变与发展。总体上,图书馆学研究发生了三次大的转向:一是从技术、经验主义发展到理性主义;二是从静态的客体观演变为动态的过程观;三是从系统的结构主义转向更为本质的认知主义。图书馆学研究对象的演化,近似地遵循人类认知演化模型。图书馆学研究对象演变的成因,既有学科发展赖以生存的社会环境因素,又有学科内在因素,还有本学科认知主体因素。从我国图书馆学研究历程看,图书馆及其事业的发展对图书馆学研究对象影响较大,也是其演变发展的主要动因。图3。参考文献59。     

新工业革命带给智库的机遇与挑战

新工业革命正在发生,将彻底改变现有的生产方式和产业组织形式,改变国家间的比较优势,进而重塑全 球产业竞争力和国际产业分工格局。在新工业革命背景下,我国产业结构调整的路径和进程将受到深刻影响,我国制 造业转型升级将迎来巨大挑战,亟待智库发挥重要的引领和指导作用。本文在研究分析未来智库的机遇与挑战的基础 上,对智库自身的未来发展提出具体了方向和建议。     

Students’ Discrete Emotional Responses in the Classroom: Unraveling Relationships With Interest and Engagement

Recent instructional communication research reveals that the communication and emotional processes at play in the classroom can influence class-specific emotions experienced by students. Students’ enjoyment and pride were positively related to their emotional interest, while students’ enjoyment, hope, and pride were positively associated with their cognitive interest. While students’ anger and boredom were inversely related to their emotional interest, students who reported greater hopelessness and anger indicated decreases in cognitive interest. Students’ hope and pride were positively associated with their overall engagement behaviors. Anger, anxiety, shame, and boredom led students to report decreases in their engagement. Follow-up tests highlighted challenges in the assessment of specific emotional responses; exploratory factor analysis simplified the measurement of these variables and provided additional insight into expected relationships.     

科研团队中知识粘滞的影响因素研究

知识粘滞是阻碍知识转移的决定性因素,降低知识粘滞程度,提高知识转移绩效,是提升科研团队能力,实现合作创新的关键。本研究通过探索科研过程中知识粘滞形成的动因和作用因素,运用知识转移理论、系统动力学理论的分析方法,在情境建模基础上,构建基于知识转移的知识粘滞演化动力模型;动态模拟认知因素、转移情境以及转移动机三个维度对知识粘滞的影响关系,从宏观方面探索科研团队中隐性知识粘滞的演化路径,从微观方面剖析各因素对知识粘滞的影响机理。实验结果显示:知识粘滞程度受不同因素影响呈现不同的演化特征,随着双方认知吻合度的增长表现为先匀速增长后保持不变、最后呈指数增长的趋势;激励机制和外部压力等因素对知识粘滞的影响呈现阶段性特点,过大会引起团队内部“搭便车”现象,产生一定的致弱作用;转移动机与知识粘滞之间具有较强的负相关关系,知识吸收能力越强,知识的增长速度越快,受知识粘滞的影响就越小。研究科研团队中各影响因素对知识粘滞的震荡作用,对指导科研团队建设和提高科研能力具有重要的现实意义。图6。表1。参考文献32。     

西方文论中的"自然"含义辨析

“自然”是西方文论中有关文艺本质问题的重要理论概念,由于含义十分广泛,因而使用情况纷坛复杂。本文选取了一些有代表性理论家的有关论述,对其含义作出粗略辨析,并指出其含义演变的特点。     

发挥母语的正迁移作用

本文认为各种教学法对母语的态度可分为两类，将第二语言学习中的错误主要或全部归因于母语是不正确的，应发挥母语的正迁移作用，促进外语学习和教学。     

知识网络演化模型研究述评

知识网络演化模型可用于探讨和发现知识发展脉络的关键特征,相关研究主要集中在统计物理、计算机、图书情报等领域。本文对网络模型经典理论进行回顾,从引证网络和合作网络两个方面对具有代表性的演化模型进行梳理,介绍网络演化模型评价的一些进展,最后提供了一个相对清晰的研究框架。研究发现:针对这方面的研究近年来有成为图书情报学领域研究热点的趋势;已有引证网络和合作网络的研究大多利用BA模型及其改进模型来研究演化机理;未来的研究应结合网络的局部结构特征和节点的外部属性信息来建立混合择优模型;众多知识网络演化模型在解释真实网络演化时,依然存在着不小差距,利用链路预测的原理来设计和评价演化模型有望成为一个新的研究方向。图2。参考文献79。     

Supportive Communication and the Adequate Paraphrase

The active listening paradigm recommends that helpers paraphrase the thoughts and feelings of support seekers. But how? This study compared evaluations of four types of paraphrase messages derived from the work of Polanyi. Results showed that certain forms of paraphrasing are evaluated as more helpful, sensitive, and supportive than others, though differences were not in full alignment with theoretical predictions, and results were dependent on narrative prompt. Our study provides initial empirical data that question the practical advice given to informal help providers found in our academic scholarship and textbooks. Formal and informal helping relationships have many similarities and differences that should be acknowledged and tested with a variety of methods and populations.     

Facial Similarity Mitigates the Persuasive Effects of Source Bias: An Evolutionary Explanation for Kinship and Susceptibility to Influence

This research examined how the interaction between a source's facial similarity to message targets and communicated bias affects audience persuadability. We used an evolutionary explanation to hypothesize that biased sources would elicit less favorable attitudes than unbiased sources for dissimilar sources, but that this difference would be absent for similar sources. Predictions were supported by results from a 2 (facial similarity) × 2 (source bias) experiment, in which an unrecognizable percentage of participants' photographs (n = 94) was digitally morphed with a source's face to act as a kinship cue. Further, structural equation modeling demonstrated a direct effect of facial similarity on attitude independent of mediation by source liking and appraisals, providing further evidence that susceptibility to influence from facially similar sources may have evolutionary origins.     

建设和谐社区与积极老龄化的思考

社区是以一定地域为基础的社会生活共同体,建设和谐社区对构建社会主义和谐社会发挥着基础性的作用。要坚持以人为本,树立和落实科学发展观,创新社区管理理念,完善基层服务和管理网络,把社区建设成为管理有序、服务完善、文明祥和的社会生活共同体。通过创建和谐社区,大力发展老龄事业,开展多种形式:的社区老龄服务,鼓励和支持老年参与社会发展,提高老年人的生活质量和生命质量,促进积极老龄化和"老有所养、老有所医、老有所为、老有所教、老有所学、老有所乐"目标的实现。