冷战后欧盟冲突预防政策研究综述

冷战后,冲突预防成为欧盟共同外交安全政策的主要目标。有关冲突预防的一系列官方文件陆续出台,使冲突预防已经成为欧盟共同外交安全政策的重心。欧盟一直以来注重逐步健全冲突预防机构建设,实施早期预警,加强军事能力建设,进行预防外交,推进信任措施建设,加大包括发展援助,睦邻友好等在内的相关政策支持力度,以及加强和国际社会的合作。这样就使欧盟的冲突预防机制逐步得到完善。     

Child maltreatment deaths in the U.S. National Child Death Review Case Reporting System

Comprehensive reviews of child death are increasingly conducted throughout the world, although limited information is available about how this information is systematically used to prevent future deaths. To address this need, we used cases from 2005 to 2009 in the U.S. National Child Death Review Case Reporting System to compare child and offender characteristics and to link that information with actions taken or recommended by review teams. Child, caretaker, and offender characteristics, and outcomes were compared to team responses, and findings were compared to published case series. Among 49,947 child deaths from 23 states entered into the Case Reporting System during the study period, there were 2,285 cases in which child maltreatment caused or contributed to fatality. Over one-half had neglect identified as the maltreatment, and 30% had abusive head trauma. Several child and offender characteristics were associated with specific maltreatment subtypes, and child death review teams recommended and/or planned several activities in their communities. Case characteristics were similar to those published in other reports of child maltreatment deaths. Teams implemented 109 actions or strategies after their review, and we found that aggregating information from child death reviews offers important insights into understanding and preventing future deaths. The National Child Death Review Case Reporting System contains information about a large population which confirms and expands our knowledge about child maltreatment deaths and which can be used by communities for future action.     

An ecological analysis of infant neglect by adolescent mothers

To inform efforts to prevent child neglect, we investigated a wide range of risk factors that have been largely unexamined in relation to infant neglect, the most commonly occurring form of child maltreatment. Using an ecological model of child neglect, we assessed the influence of characteristics at the level of the child, the mother, the family, and broader childrearing contexts on adolescent mothers’ likelihood of being a perpetrator in a substantiated case of neglect against their firstborn infants (n = 383, M = 12 months). Several factors were associated with infant neglect by young mothers: median block income, low infant birth weight, maternal smoking, maternal childhood history of neglect and of positive care, intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrated by either the mother or her partner, and maternal use of mental health services. In multivariate models, income, a maternal childhood history of positive care, IPV by either a mother or her partner, and mental health service usage made significant contributions to the odds that a mother neglected her infant. Our findings suggest that these factors have particular salience to policymakers’ and practitioners’ efforts to identify high risk families and to intervene during the earliest months of life to prevent child neglect.     

Correlates of verbally aggressive communication in adolescents

This investigation identifies demographic, media, and social correlates of verbally aggressive communication in adolescence. Mail surveys were completed and returned by 2,300 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 15. These adolescents were asked about the prevalence of verbal and physical aggression, the context in which it occurred, demographics, and the interpersonal and media influences in their lives. The results indicate that verbal aggression is widespread, that committing and experiencing verbal aggression is largely reciprocal, that there is a strong relationship between committing verbal and physical aggression, and that peer social influence and listening to violently oriented music are mildly related to verbal aggression in adolescents. These findings suggest more resources should be allocated to teaching adolescents to understand and control verbal aggression. Further, they provide important answers to many prevention and intervention programmatic questions, including context, content, and targeting concerns. Since the negative consequences of verbal aggression are severe and long lasting, decreasing this destructive communication behavior should significantly improve the lives of many adolescents. These and other practical implications are expanded upon and discussed.     

基于无线通信设备防雷措施的思考

目前,无线通信已经被广泛应用于许多领域.但是由于雷电的危害,无线通信设备时刻都处在危险当中.本文探讨了无线通信设备的防雷措施.     

基于我国纺织品、服装出口市场秩序规范的风险防范研究

随着纺织品后配额时代的到来,我国纺织品、服装出口额有了很大的提升.然而,由于部分企业的过度竞争,因纺织品、服装出口市场秩序的混乱,导致进口国苛刻的非配额贸易壁垒.本文通过回顾市场秩序相关理论,结合后配额时代我国纺织品、服装出口市场秩序特征,从主体秩序、客体秩序和交易秩序等视角来识别与分析因我国纺织品、服装出口市场秩序混乱而引致的风险,并提出相应的风险防范策略.     

高校体育教学中常见运动损伤的应对措施及其预防

在体育教学的课程中,学生会因为身体素质差、基础训练不足和疲劳等多种原因造成运动损伤,这些运动损伤在很大程度上影响了学生正常的体育锻炼。本文通过教师自身多年的教学经验,应用运动医学损伤的理论知识和体育教学相结合,研究体育教学中常见的运动损伤应对措施及其预防的方法,并进行归纳总结,为体育教师和学生提供参考。     

呼和浩特市居民踝关节运动损伤的原因及预防

本文通过查阅资料、访谈等方法,以及请教内蒙古体育医院从事运动损伤专业的医师,对踝关节运动损伤的原因及预防进行探讨、研究,得出居民踝关节运动损伤的结论:居民缺乏对踝关节运动损伤的重视,并缺乏预防踝关节损伤的相关知识。居民踝关节运动损伤的主要类型为踝关节韧带拉伤、踝关节软组织挫伤、踝关节骨折等。     

论司法独立对遏制司法腐败的作用——以新制度主义理论为视角

从新制度主义理论的角度看来,司法腐败是基于激励机制的扭曲、机会结构的畸形发展和约束结构的软化等制度性原因所造成。司法独立的内涵很丰富,但是在制度架构上包括法院独立、法官独立、审级独立三个方面。司法独立对于形成司法腐败的机会结构缺陷有较好的矫正作用,但是对于激励机制和约束结构等方面的制度缺陷的匡正作用并不是很明显,因此司法独立对于遏制司法腐败具有一定作用,但是其作用也不能高估。     

城市轨道交通车辆噪声的产生及其防护

介绍了城市轨道交通车辆噪声的危害、分类、产生原因及如何尽量减少噪声对环境的污染等问题。