弱智学生合作与分享行为的干预实验研究

从北京市西城区培智中心学校抽取了两个班学生(实验班6人,对照班9人)作为被试,进行了为期三周的合作与分享行为的干预实验。实验结果表明:(1)“行为示范与讲解———角色扮演及相关活动———适宜行为的及时强化———行为迁移训练”的干预模式对弱智学生合作行为的干预效果显著;(2)该模式短期内对弱智学生分享行为的干预效果不显著;(3)弱智学生的合作与分享行为之间存在显著的相关。     

Effects of performance feedback valence on perceptions of invested mental effort

We investigated whether the valence of performance feedback provided after a task, would affect participants’ perceptions of how much mental effort they invested in that same task. In three experiments, we presented participants with problem-solving tasks and manipulated the presence and valence of feedback between conditions (no, positive, or negative feedback valence), prior to asking them to rate how much mental effort they invested in solving that problem. Across the three experiments–with different problem-solving tasks and participant populations–we found that subjective ratings of effort investment were significantly higher after negative than after positive feedback; ratings given without feedback fell in between. These findings show that feedback valence alters perceived effort investment (possibly via task perceptions or affect), which can be problematic when effort is measured as an indicator of cognitive load. Therefore, it seems advisable to measure mental effort directly after each task, before giving feedback on performance.     

A Survey of University Students＇ Smoking -- A Case Study of Students of Inner Mongolia Normal University

大学生吸烟作为一种社会现象,其起因在一定程度上受到吸烟者外在环境与主观认知两方面的影响,也折射出当代大学生的生活方式、交往方式和社会心态。本文以内蒙古师范大学在校大学生为调查对象,对于在校大学生吸烟现象（主动吸烟与被动吸烟）进行了问卷调查,并对样本结论呈现出的特点进行分析,提出了采取相应措施以控制和降低在校大学生吸烟率。     

宁德师专女生余暇体育行为调查与分析

采用问卷调查、文献资料、数理统计等研究方法,对宁德师专女生余暇体育行为现状进行调查分析．结果表明：女生对体育活动功能的认识和行为之间差距较大;余暇体育活动动机以增强体质、调节心情和缓解压力为主,但还有部分女生是应付考试、达标;主要是在校内与同学结伴锻炼或参加集体活动,锻炼内容呈多元化,以跑步为主;锻炼频度较低、持续时间较短,强度较小;余暇时间主要用于看书学习、上网、逛街和看电视;影响女生参加体育锻炼的主要原因是兴趣、场地设施和指导的缺乏。     

Private speech in children with ADHD and their typically developing peers during problem-solving and inhibition tasks

This study compared private speech of children with ADHD and normal controls during problem solving and inhibition tasks. Thirty-two children (16 children with ADHD and 16 matched controls) aged 6–11 years participated. Consistent with previous studies, children with ADHD produced more task-irrelevant and task-relevant external private speech than control children during problem-solving tasks, but did not differ in their use of task-relevant internal private speech. During the inhibition/attention task (Continuous Performance Test-II), children with ADHD produced more task-relevant external and more task-relevant internal private speech, suggesting that they may have employed a less mature strategy to aid in self-regulation. The educational implications of the current study are that there should be an increased awareness of the developmental nature and functional significance of private speech and how private speech usage may differ in children with ADHD.     

“立德树人”研究:内容、问题与展望

对于立德树人,主要讨论立德树人的内涵、实现途径与机制、中国传统文化视域下的立德树人等问题,并对立德树人进行了一定的实践探索。从现有研究看,研究态度有待端正、研究工作过于分散、理论研究力量单薄、实践探索需要做实、研究成效明显不足是现实存在的主要问题。扎根立德树人的三大基础研究、建构新时代立德树人教育体系、顶层设计推进整体研究、聚合研究力量协同研究,是今后研究的主要方向。     

Effects of different sequences of examples and problems on motivation and learning

Recent research has shown that example study only (EE) and example-problem pairs (EP) were more effective (i.e., higher test performance) and efficient (i.e., attained with less effort invested in learning and/or test tasks) than problem-example pairs (PE) and problem solving only (PP). We conducted two experiments to investigate how different example and problem-solving sequences would affect motivational (i.e., self-efficacy, perceived competence, and topic interest) and cognitive (i.e., effectiveness and efficiency) aspects of learning. In Experiment 1, 124 technical students learned a mathematical task with the help of EEEE, EPEP, PEPE, or PPPP and then completed a posttest. Students in the EEEE Condition showed higher posttest performance, self-efficacy, and perceived competence, attained with less effort investment, than students in the EPEP and PPPP Condition. Surprisingly, there were no differences between the EPEP and PEPE Condition on any of the outcome measures. We hypothesized that, because the tasks were relevant for technical students, starting with a problem might not have negatively affected their motivation. Therefore, we replicated the experiment with a different sample of 81 teacher training students. Experiment 2 showed an efficiency benefit of EEEE over EPEP, PEPE, and PPPP. However, only EEEE resulted in greater posttest performance, self-efficacy, and perceived competence than PPPP. We again did not find any differences between the EPEP and PEPE Condition. These results suggest that, at least when short training phases are used, studying examples (only) is more preferable than problem solving only for learning. Moreover, this study showed that example study (only) also enhances motivational aspects of learning whereas problem solving only does not positively affect students’ motivation at all.     

可持续发展决策支持系统开发与应用

讨论了发展中国家可持续发展问题的特征 ,为开发和应用决策支持系统辅助发展中国家可持续发展问题的决策 ,给出了构造可持续发展决策支持系统的策略、可持续发展问题模型化的表示方法、开发定义可持续发展问题的非过程性语言的方法和基于定理证明的数值计算与非数值计算     

小学语文中段习作教学典型问题及其改进策略研究

小学是培养学生写作兴趣,夯实写作基础的重要阶段。但是在当前小学中语文习作教学仍存在许多问题影响习作教学的有效性,本文将通过分析小学中段语文习作教学的地位、目标以及当前存在的问题,提出几点教学改进建议。     

团队互动过程对个人创新行为的影响机理研究

团队互动过程是影响成员创新行为的重要情境因素,团队的任务和人际互动将有助于强化成员创新活动的主观规范进而促进个体的创新行为。