论身体运动与身体认知的具身性转向

认知科学的发展改变了人们传统的身体认知观念,具身认知的思想逐渐引起研究者的关注与重视,关于身体认知的研究开始朝向具身化方向转变。从人体运动场域的视角,探讨身体运动与身体认知具身性转向之间的关系及其相互影响。研究认为,身体运动在身体认知与被认知的过程中起到中介和调适作用,身体运动的方式可以映射出身体认知过程的具身性变化。身体运动可分为客观身体运动与现象身体运动两种类型,它们对身体认知的具身性转向起着不同的推动作用。身体运动特有的行为模式反映了身体认知与周围环境的关联性,身体运动的限制作用体现在身体认知表征的特性与范围方面,身体运动的分派特征对身体认知转向中的构成性角色具有证实作用,身体运动的调适功能是身体认知与具身行动之间协调性存在的重要保障。在身体运动对身体认知具身性转向的解释方面,要求身体运动应在身体认知的具身性转向中保持主动,重视身体经验的投射功能,关注身体运动的物理属性与运动方式的决定性作用。将身体运动的相关研究融入到具身认知的范畴,形成完整而有序的研究范式,将有助于解决身体认知研究领域中出现的系列问题。     

数字阅读与纸质阅读理解效果及沉浸体验实验研究——以科普知识为例

[目的/意义]通过模拟现实中纸质阅读与数字阅读的阅读情况和阅读环境来观察和测试用户在数字阅读与纸质阅读过程中阅读效果的差异,以期为图书馆阅读服务、阅读资源建设提供参考。[方法/过程]以中等篇幅的科普知识文章为例,采用对照组实验方法从阅读理解和沉浸体验角度比较纸质阅读与数字阅读之间的差异。[结果/结论]用户在阅读中篇科普文章时纸质阅读的理解效果要比数字阅读好,但在阅读沉浸体验方面两者不存在显著差异,用户的阅读沉浸体验与学历和性格有关,图书馆的阅读服务和资源建设应在读者个性化分析和服务的基础上推进。     

基于历史的宁波地区师范院校转型升级研究

回顾并分析了20世纪90年代中期至21世纪初期宁波地区师范类院校结构性调整及其存在的问题,例如:师范性弱化;教师资格考试制度“应试”弊病引起的新教师准入瑕疵;高校教师教育专业建设方面的滞后,等等。基于宁波师范教育发展的历史成功经验,提出必须坚持历史唯物主义思想,从宁波教育的特殊性和高等师范院校建设的内在规律出发,制定转型发展对策,主要包括:转变服务面向、调整办学理念、聚焦转型发展内容。     

The invisible subject in educational science

The crisis of education frequently is framed in terms of methods, where quantitative research is accused of making the subject invisible through quantification, whereas qualitative research is credited for the emphasis on subjectivity and the discursive construction of reality. Such formulations fail to take into account a long-standing critique that interpretive (constructivist) research, too, makes invisible the real, living subject who is coping with an inherently open life, placing in its stead a ratiocinating individual. In this article, an argument is made for a concrete educational science concerned with the person who is not only (agential) subject but also subject and subjected to the condition it contributes to producing. This subject never is in complete control over its condition, cannot ever know precisely what is currently happening, and at best witnesses rather than grasps or constructs what is going on. This viewpoint requires a rethinking of the subject in/of educational science. Such a project of rethinking the subject involves shifting the minimum units of analysis: from (inter-) action to transaction, from an experience [Erfahrung] to inchoate lived-experiencing [perezhivanie, Erleben], from entities and processes to dramatic events.     

Integrating curriculum: a case study of teaching Global Education

Despite widespread support for integrated approaches to teaching, classroom practice reveals a lack of implementation. This paper explores challenges and opportunities in teaching an integrated curriculum, and connects this with the contemporary notion of a twenty-first century curriculum and pedagogy. A case study of Global Education (GE) is used to delineate the complexity of issues when teachers attempt to move beyond disciplinary-based teaching approaches. We examine curriculum documents, advice for teachers on curriculum implementation, preservice teachers’ experiences in schools during Professional Experiences and national guidelines for Professional Experience. Through these data, a broad picture emerges of influences on integrating curricula in classrooms. Opportunities to integrate curriculum incorporating twenty-first century pedagogies were limited by pressures on teachers with preservice teachers rarely exposed to authentic integration. Teachers’ professional standing requires clear guidelines, which allow them to pursue important twenty-first century content and skills , for young citizens and this must begin in preservice education.     

Teaching empathic concern and altruism in the smartphone age

Numerous studies show empathic concern promotes altruistic motivation and prosocial behavior. Here, we discuss empathic concern, its relation to altruistic motivation, and how empathic concern is invoked in experimental studies. We do this with an eye toward applying laboratory techniques in the classroom, and everyday life, to foster empathic concern and altruistic responding. This goes beyond teaching about empathic concern to setting up conditions that help people experience this psychological state, and its benefits, firsthand. Smartphone-based ecological momentary interventions (EMIs) can help us do this by raising self- and other-awareness, and by promoting empathic states and practices in daily life. While smartphones often pull us away from direct personal interaction, we explore ways of using these devices to redirect our attention to those around us. We end by suggesting that these ways of helping people regularly experience and act upon empathic concern in daily life might help nurture a compassionate disposition.     

Professionalising teaching: a corpus-based approach to the professional development of teachers in Singapore

This study explores the use of a corpus of classroom discourse data (Singapore Corpus of Research in Education or SCoRE) to facilitate the professional development of English language (EL) teachers in Singapore. A survey was first conducted to probe the knowledge base and belief system of EL teachers in three key domains: epistemology, pedagogy, and discourse. This was followed by a discourse analysis of the SCoRE corpus to mine resources that could address the specific professional needs of teachers identified through the survey. Survey findings suggest that EL teachers in Singapore are less secure in epistemology than pedagogy or discourse-related issues. The efficacy of using corpus-based materials to help teachers reflect on and develop their professional competencies was tested through a workshop. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of using authentic and situated corpus resources to facilitate teachers’ reflective practice and professional development.     

Affordances of video-based professional development for supporting physics teachers' judgments about evidence of student thinking

This study explores the affordances of a video-based professional development workshop for supporting physics teachers' content-specific judgments about evidence of student thinking. We rated both the quality of teachers' discussions and the judgments that resulted as they discussed video clips highlighting student thinking. We found that teachers' judgments were related to the quality of their discussions. Quantitative and qualitative analyses suggest that elaborated focus questions and interactions with colleagues may support teachers with relatively little physics teaching experience in using their collective wisdom to engage in a situation-specific skill necessary for responsive teaching.     

Teacher learning in a combined professional development intervention

The study examines geometry teachers' video club discussions in a two-year professional development intervention that combined lesson study, video clubs, and animation discussions to promote teacher noticing of students' prior knowledge. Most discussions pertained to student conceptions (78%), followed by pedagogy (19%). Discussion of students' prior knowledge surfaced only when talking about student conceptions or pedagogy. There was statistically significant evidence that teacher-initiated discussions of students' prior knowledge were more substantial than facilitator-initiated discussions. The findings suggest that the professional development model and the facilitators’ moves promoted and sustained teacher noticing of student thinking throughout the intervention.     

The role of the referee in physical education lessons: student experience and motivation

Introduction: Social roles in physical education (PE) classes have been much studied, especially mentoring and coaching roles. The studies have shown that mentoring and coaching are beneficial not only for motor learning, but also for methodological and social learning. To our knowledge, the role of the student referee in PE lessons has never been specifically studied. Yet refereeing is essential in many sports, including team sports, and provides an experience of responsibility that many teachers want to offer their students. Encouraging students to take on this role can nevertheless be difficult.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to gain access to students’ lived experiences as referees in order to determine their strategies for being effective. We particularly wanted to determine which concerns organized their activity so that we could identify a refereeing typology that would be useful for PE teaching. Our study is original in that we did not rely exclusively on experiential data to understand student refereeing activity. We also collected data on the students’ motivation in order to better understand their experiences. For this purpose, the study was conducted within the methodological framework of course-of-action theory and self-determination theory.

Method: Seventy-four students from three classes in the third year of middle school (about 13 years old) participated in the study. Among them, four (two girls and two boys and not experts in the sports in which they were going to referee) had volunteered to be filmed and to participate in self-confrontation interviews. The other students completed two questionnaires to provide information on their motivation for refereeing. The situations studied were basketball and handball matches held at the end of the lessons.

Two categories of data were collected: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative data were based on audiovisual recordings of the students as they refereed matches and verbalization data from self-confrontation interviews; these data were used to document the students’ courses of experience during the activity period under study. The quantitative data were collected using two questionnaires, one to assess the determinants of motivation and the other to assess self-determined motivation.

Results and discussion: The qualitative analysis highlighted three typical student involvements: fulfilling the role of referee, getting help, and occasionally dropping out of the role. The quantitative analysis revealed that the students in the social role of referee mainly expressed amotivation, external regulation, and intrinsic motivation toward knowledge and accomplishment.

The results are discussed around two major points: (1) the students’ strategies of alternation from which their refereeing activity emerged and (2) proposals for PE teacher interventions.