试论图书馆应对新的信息网络传播权保护法律环境挑战的对策

《信息网络传播权保护条例》的颁布实施为图书馆的数字化信息服务带来了新的机遇和挑战,为此要从思想认识、队伍培塑、制度构建、行为规范、风险化解、技术实践、用户管理、参与立法等多方面采取综合应对措施。     

浅议实验楼的电气设计

实验楼内有各种不同设备，为保证各种设备运行的可靠性、稳定性及安全性，避免相互之间的干扰，必须找出一种合适的电气设计方案。本文通过对实验楼供配电线路及接地系统两方面特点的论述及对不同供电方案的比较。阐明了在电气设计过程中应注意的问题，以期找出一种较理想的电气设计方案。     

Empowering and protecting children by enhancing knowledge,skills and well-being: A randomized trial of Learn to BE SAFE with Emmy™

Australia needs effective programs to protect children and prevent abuse, but there is little information available for policymakers or families. Using a randomized controlled trial, Learn to BE SAFE with Emmy™, a school-based protection program for young children designed by Act for Kids, was evaluated to determine its effectiveness for promoting young children's knowledge and skills. Grade one children (n = 245) from 15 classrooms across 5 primary schools completed assessment measures. A subset of these children received the program (n = 131) or acted as a comparison group (n = 114). Parents (n = 72) completed questionnaires about their child's participation in the program. When compared with children who had not received the program, children who completed Learn to BE SAFE with Emmy™ demonstrated increased knowledge of interpersonal safety and were more likely to choose a safe response option to hypothetical unsafe scenarios 6 months after participation than at both pre- and post-intervention. Parents reported their children who participated used more safety strategies immediately and 6 months after participation compared to pre-intervention. Outcomes can assist in guiding future policies around the prevention of child abuse and protect the well-being of Australian children.     

洞庭湖区湿地生态旅游资源保护与开发研究

洞庭湖区湿地是我国长江中下游地区三大湿地资源集中地之一,在其特殊的地理环境、自然条件和人类活动的长期共同作用下,形成了独特的湿地生态旅游资源景观、明显的蝶形盆地带状地貌、典型的亚热带季风湿润气候、极为丰富的动植物资源、构成该生态旅游资源的主要因素,又呈东、南、西三大片分布,且各具特色;洞庭湖湿地生态旅游资源的特殊性。几乎涵盖亚热带内陆所有湿地类型造就了该区湿地生态旅游资源的多样性。围湖造田人工围垦、工业废水农药污染、乱捕乱猎人类干扰导致了该湿地生态旅游资源系统的脆弱性。治理对策为：退田还湖,确保自然湿地生态系统面积,科学解决“田湖之争”,复还湿地生态系统。标本兼治,力争入湖泥沙量控制到最小程度,稳定湖泊、沼泽等自然景观面积。恢复重建,规范与扩大湿地自然保护区,并进行有效的长期监测。总之,洞庭湖区湿地旅游的开发,必须定位为生态旅游资源的保护性开发,改变只重视湿地生产功能而忽视其生态功能的倾向,全面开发湿地的社会、经济和生态综合效应,实现湿地生态旅游的永续利用。     

The relationship between protective factors and outcomes for children investigated for maltreatment

ObjectivesThis research explores the relationship between hypothesized protective factors and outcomes for children investigated for maltreatment.MethodsUsing data from the National Survey on Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), we ran logistic regression models to examine the relationship between hypothesized protective factors (social competence, adaptive functioning skills, and peer relationships) and outcomes (externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, reading competence).ResultsFor each hypothesized protective factor, we found variation in individual scores and sample mean scores at the lower end of the scales, indicating that these children fare worse than most children. However, many children experienced large changes in their individual scores over time suggesting that children can and do improve on these hypothesized protective factors. In examining the relationship between hypothesized protective factors and outcomes, children with higher levels of social competence were significantly more likely to be in the normal range for both externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Children with higher mean adaptive functioning skills were more likely to be in the normal range for both externalizing behavior and reading competence. The positive nature of the child's peer relationships was also related to externalizing behavior and reading competence.ConclusionsOverall, our analyses support the idea that social competence, adaptive functioning skills, and peer relationships are related to outcomes for children investigated for maltreatment. While further research is needed to establish a causal link, this work identifies three individual-level hypothesized protective factors as potential sources of variation in outcomes.Practice implicationsTo prevent or alleviate the harmful consequences maltreatment, it is necessary to understand factors that help children move beyond poor outcomes. Our analyses suggest that a strong relationship exists between a child's social competence, adaptive functioning skills and positive peer relationships and select outcomes three years after being investigated for maltreatment. With these individual-level protective factors related to more positive outcomes, it suggests that intervening to increase protective factors could improve outcomes for maltreated and at-risk children.     

Child strengths and placement stability among racial/ethnic minority youth in the child welfare system

While all children deserve a stable living environment, national data illustrate that many states struggle to achieve placement stability for youth in the child welfare system as a significant number of children in foster care continue to experience multiple placements while in state custody. Prior research has not considered the impact of youth protective factors or strengths on the frequency of placement changes that youth experience while in the child welfare system. This study examined the association between strengths measured at multiple levels (i.e., individual, family, and community) and placement stability among 4022 minority youth (aged 10–18) using administrative and clinical data from the Illinois child welfare system. Negative binomial regressions at the family level revealed that youth with at least one loving and supportive family member experienced 16% fewer placement changes than youth without family strengths. At the community level, youth attending schools that work to create an environment that meets its students’ needs experienced 13% fewer placement changes than youth without educational supports. These findings can inform the quality of treatment and services provided to minority youth in the child welfare system.     

谷氨酰胺对过度运动大鼠肠粘膜屏障功能变化的干预机制

目的进一步观察谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,Gin)对过度训练大鼠肠粘膜屏障功能的保护作用并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:120只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为普通训练组(C组)(n=30)(作为对照组)、补充Gln 普通训练组(CG组)(n=30)、过度训练组(O组)(n=30)和补充Gln 过度训练组(OG组)(n=30)。采用模拟过度训练大鼠模型,应用形态学手段结合免疫组化和放射免疫技术,观测肠道形态、固有层IgA浆细胞、粘液IgA、Ⅱ型磷脂酶A2(Ⅱ型PLA2)和溶菌酶分泌等指标的变化情况。结果Gln能明显减轻过度训练大鼠肠粘膜结构损伤。OG组IgA浆细胞计数及其平均吸光度、粘液IA含量、Ⅱ型PLA2水平和溶菌酶含量与O组比较,显著增加(P<0.01)。结论Gln可能通过刺激大鼠小肠肠壁分泌Ⅱ型PLA2和溶菌酶的作用来维护过度训练大鼠肠粘膜屏障功能。     

Perinatal promotive and protective factors for women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect

BackgroundIntegrative research summarizing promotive and protective factors that reduce the effects of childhood abuse and neglect on pregnant women and their babies’ healthy functioning is needed.ObjectiveThis narrative systematic review synthesized the quantitative literature on protective and promotive factors that support maternal mental health and maternal-infant bonding among women exposed to childhood adversity, including childhood abuse and neglect.MethodsUsing a comprehensive list of key terms related to the perinatal period, childhood adversity, and protective/promotive factors, 8423 non-duplicated articles were identified through database searches in PsychInfo and Web of Science, and references in retrieved articles. Thirty-seven full text articles were inspected; of those 18 were included.ResultsProtective and promotive factors fell into three categories: a) women’s internal capacities (e.g., self-esteem, coping ability), b) external early resources (e.g., positive childhood experiences) and c) external contemporaneous resources (e.g., social support). Although all three categories were associated with more resilient outcomes, external contemporaneous factors, and specifically, social support, were the most commonly-studied protective and/or promotive factor. Social support from family and romantic partners during the perinatal period was particularly protective for women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect and was examined across several dimensions of support and contexts.ConclusionsThe presence of women’s internal capacities, and external early and contemporaneous resources help to foster more positive outcomes during the perinatal period for women with histories of childhood adversity. Future research should study co-occurring multilevel promotive and protective factors to inform how they integratively deter the intergenerational transmission of risk.     

The protective effect of neighborhood social cohesion in child abuse and neglect

Relations between parents within a neighborhood have the potential to provide a supportive environment for healthy and positive parenting. Neighborhood social cohesion, or the mutual trust and support among neighbors, is one process through which parenting may be improved. The current study investigates the association between neighborhood social cohesion and abuse and neglect, as well as specific types of abuse and neglect. The sample for the study is comprised of 896 parents in one urban Midwestern County in the United States. Participants were recruited from Women, Infants, and Children clinics. Negative binomial regression is used to examine the association between neighborhood social cohesion and child maltreatment behaviors, as measured by the Conflict Tactics Scale, Parent-to-Child Version (Straus et al., 1998). In this sample of families, neighborhood social cohesion is associated with child neglect, but not abuse. In examining the relationship with specific types of abuse and neglect, it was found that neighborhood social cohesion may have a protective role in some acts of neglect, such as meeting a child's basic needs, but not potentially more complex needs like parental substance abuse.     

旅游活动对溶洞碳酸钙沉积景观影响及保护性研究

随着旅游业发展,越来越多的溶洞旅游资源在我国被开发,其中的碳酸钙沉积景观是主要的旅游吸引物之一,由于其形成环境比较封闭,随着开放时间的推移,都不同程度出现了风化、破损现象,因此溶洞景区一般被视为生命周期较短。为了实现旅游资源的可持续发展,在溶洞旅游资源开发的过程中体现“在保护中开发,在开发中保护”的理念,本文从碳酸钙沉积景观形成的水文地球化学过程入手,通过分析洞穴水溶液中CO₂溶解度影响因子,即水溶液温度和水溶液与洞穴环境之间的CO₂分压差(ΔPCO₂),从旅游活动的影响角度,对游客的热源与CO₂源效应进行分析,提出了基于游客影响和景观形成过程研究的措施,即采用分流游客和水文地球化学实验方法进行景观保育以及科学的开发管理作为旅游溶洞碳酸钙沉积景观保护的有效措施。