对高校开设心理素质拓展课程的实效研究

心理素质是个体综合素质的重要内容,也是一个人成功的基本素质。当代大学生整体素质的高低将直接影响中国经济和社会的发展水平,素质拓展训练以其丰富的形式和深刻的内涵,寓教于乐的功能,逐渐被越来越多的院校重视。本文从实效角度入手分析开展此项课程过程及结果,为推动素质教育的实施,促进大学生的全面发展提供了科学参考。     

心理训练对体育专业大学生心理健康水平的影响

运用心理训练和心理测量，对体育专业大学生进行心理健康训练。研究显示：实验组各因子均分别有所下降，在躯体化、人际关系、焦虑、敌对方面有显著性差异；而在心理健康、专业有成就、创造能力、在新环境中的成长能力等方面并无显著性差异。结果表明：心理训练对大学生的心理健康水平具有短期影响作用，而对人格的改变未能产生直接的影响。     

对少年足球运动员教学与训练中心理活动特点的探讨

本文对少年足球运动员在教学与训练中的心理活动特点进行了探讨与分析，并提出了切合实际的训练方法。     

关于中医医师情报吸收机理的研究

文章运用了中医学理论和情报学理论结合心理学和思维学理论，从感知、注意、思维等层面。对中医医生情报吸收机理进行了初步探讨和研究。     

影响大学生心理健康成长的因素分析

随着社会的发展,当代大学生思想活跃,但是心理问题也日趋严重。本文从学生产生心理问题的主要表现,分析了这类问题存在的主要原因。根据产生原因,提出了帮助大学生克服心理障碍的几点建议。     

A new age for child protection--General Comment 13: why it is important, how it was constructed, and what it intends?

Children continue to be subjected to high levels of violence (i.e., physical, psychological and sexual maltreatment) throughout the world. International concern about violence against children has increased significantly during the last decade. A Study on Violence Against Children, encouraged by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations Secretary General and reported in 2006, has become a rallying call to improve child protection. Child protection practices and systems have been judged to be generally inadequate and, in some cases, destructive. It is widely recognized that business as usual—more of the same—will not do. A General Comment (guide to fulfilling obligations) for Article 19, the central conceptualization of child protection of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, has the potential to promote a worldwide reformulation of child protection priorities, policies, and practices by virtue of the infusion of a child rights approach. It can be a mechanism for framing and promoting the transformational change needed – for a genuine paradigm shift. Here, explication is given for the historical context, rationale, centrality of child rights, process of development, holistic nature, and primary elements of General Comment 13 (GC13): The child's right to freedom from all forms of violence. GC13 embodies and champions a child rights approach to child protection entailing strong support for proactive primary prevention, promotion of good child care, and a commitment to secure the rights and well-being of all children. A child rights-based, comprehensive coordinating framework is recommended for the implementation of GC13.     

Trajectories of maternal verbal aggression across the middle school years: associations with negative view of self and social problems

Objective

The primary research objective was to explore the relationship between trajectories of maternal verbal aggression (VA) experienced by low-income, community middle school students across a three-year period and outcomes that have been found to be related to VA in previous work, including a negative view of self and social problems.

Method

Longitudinal data were collected from 421 youth (51.8% male) attending two middle schools over 3 years using a multiple-informant survey design. K-means cluster analysis was used to identify trajectories of VA using youth ratings of the Conflict Tactics Scale: Parent-Child (Straus, Hamby, Finkelhor, Moore, & Runyan, 1998). Dependent variables were self-reported depression, self-esteem, delinquency, and peer victimization as well as peer-rated aggression and sensitive-isolated reputation.

Results

Four trajectory groups of VA were identified: Low Stable, Increasing, Decreasing, and High Stable. The 3-year average occurrence of VA was: 1.31, 9.18, 10.24, and 31.14 instances, respectively. Gender-specific MANOVAs revealed dramatic differences between the High Stable and Low Stable groups. High Stable boys reported significantly more depressive symptoms, delinquency, peer overt and relational victimization, and were less likely to have a sensitive/isolated reputation than Low Stable boys. High Stable girls reported significantly more depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, delinquency, peer overt and relational victimization and were rated by peers as having more aggressive/disruptive and relationally aggressive reputations than Low Stable girls. Girls in the High Stable group were more likely than other youth to report levels of depressive symptoms and delinquency >1 SD above the mean, while boys in the High Stable group were more likely to report levels of delinquency >1 SD above the mean. The Increasing and Decreasing groups also demonstrated significantly poorer functioning than the Low Stable group on most outcomes. Growth curve analysis revealed that VA showed a contemporaneous association with self-reported delinquency suggesting these factors are closely related.

Conclusions

Any level of VA greater than the 1–2 instances per year reported by youth in the Low Stable group was associated with less favorable outcomes.     

How to deal with emotional abuse and neglect: further development of a conceptual framework (FRAMEA)

Objective

To develop further the understanding of emotional abuse and neglect.

Methods

Building on previous work, this paper describes the further development of a conceptual framework for the recognition and management of emotional abuse and neglect. Training in this framework is currently being evaluated. The paper also briefly reviews more recent work on aspects of the definition, harm caused by emotional abuse and neglect and threshold.

Results

The paper arrives at a working definition as ‘persistent, non-physical, harmful interactions with the child by the caregiver, which include both commission and omission.’ There are many forms of harmful caregiver-child interactions, which can be placed in five categories, each category reflecting the fulfillment of one of the child's basic psycho-social needs and requiring a different therapeutic approach for its alleviation. The caregiver-child relationship is embedded within a psycho-social context. It is suggested that greater clarity can be gained about the child and family when information is sorted into the appropriate tiers of concerns: Tier 0 – Social & environmental factors, Tier I – Caregiver risk factors, Tier II – Caregiver-child interactions and Tier III – Child's functioning. It is further suggested that while intervention is required, this is directed towards protection, rather than providing immediate protection of the child. The work takes the form of a time-limited trial of therapeutic work to gauge the capacity of the caregivers to change. This initial work focuses Tiers 0–II. Statutory steps might be required in order to encourage the caregivers to engage. If insufficient progress is achieved, active child protection may be required which might include placing the child in an alternative family. However, some, usually older, children will remain in the emotionally abusive environment and they will require ongoing help and support.

Conclusion

While a greater understanding of emotional abuse and neglect is now possible, further evaluation of the utility of this framework is suggested.     

Differential effects of psychological maltreatment on children of mothers exposed to intimate partner violence

Objective

Psychological maltreatment (PM) is the most prevalent form of child abuse, and is the core component of most of what is considered as child maltreatment. The aim of this work was to explore differential adverse outcomes of the different types of PM in the mental health and functioning of children living in homes in which they are exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV).

Method

Participants were 168 children, aged between 4 and 17, whose mothers experienced IPV. They were assessed using different measures of psychopathology and functioning: Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-IV, Child Behavior Checklists and Child and Adolescent Functioning Assessment Scale. Furthermore, IPV was assessed with the Schedule for Assessment of Intimate Partner Violence Exposure in Children and the Index of Spouse Abuse. Statistical analyses were carried out with regression models adjusted by means of Generalized Estimating Equations.

Results

Spurning was the PM subtype with the greatest global effect on the children, as it was significantly associated with internalizing and externalizing problems. Denying emotional responsiveness specifically increased the risk of internalizing psychopathology and impairment in the emotional area. Terrorizing was not significantly associated with a greater number of negative outcomes in children's psychopathology or functioning in this population.

Implications

The results suggest the importance of taking PM types into account in order to fully understand the problems of children exposed to IPV at home, and for the design of effective treatment and prevention programs.     

户外拓展在应用型高校心理素质教育中开展的前景展望

对高校心理素质教育现状进行研究后发现,现有的心理素质教育模式比较陈旧,学生所学知识、技能多停留在理论层面,不能发挥其实际效用;解决这一问题,急需探寻一条心理素质教育的新路径;户外拓展是一种新兴的、体验式的人才培训方式,从其内容、形式以及开展的功能来看,非常适合学生心理素质的培养;目前,在高校领域内开展户外拓展训练和研究的还为数不多,其应用前景十分广阔;应用型高校应当结合自身的实际情况,适当开展户外素质拓展训练,以增强学生心理素质。