实践性:美国PDS的导向

专业发展学校是美国目前流行的大学与中小学合作办学以促进教师专业发展的一种模式。实践性是专业发展学校的主要导向,在此着重从中小学职前教师、在职教师、大学教师三个角度来分析,并且总结了在实践方面取得的成就,以期能对我国教师教育改革有所启示。     

现代性视野中的“国粹派”和“学衡派”

国粹派和学衡派与“五四”新文化提倡者在诸多问题上的对立虽是不争的事实,但他们的对立并不是一种向西方学习的“趋新”与回归中国传统的“守旧”的对立,在向西方学习这一点上,国粹派和学衡派与“五四”新文化提倡者一样也是“趋新”者,无非两者所“趋”之“新”有着显著不同罢了。当我们回首中国文化的现代性进程时,国粹派、学衡派与“五四”新文化派一样,作为中国文化现代性进程中的思想资源,理应受到我们的尊重。     

The Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go from Here?

The big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) refers to the theoretical prediction that equally able students will have lower academic self-concepts in higher-achieving or selective schools or programs than in lower-achieving or less selective schools or programs, largely due to social comparison based on local norms. While negative consequences of being in a more competitive educational setting are highlighted by the BFLPE, the exact nature of the BFLPE has not been closely scrutinized. This article provides a critique of the BFLPE in terms of its conceptualization, methodology, and practical implications. Our main argument is that the BFLPE, while having added to our understanding of the origins of self-concepts, disproportionately emphasizes one aspect of social comparison to the exclusion of many other intervening factors. In light of our critique, we suggest a broader conception of social comparison effects on academic self-concept that emphasizes a more active role of individuals in regulating their social cognition and motivation, as well as a more distinct effect of social-contextual influences. We also suggest alternative research designs that would incorporate contextual, developmental, and individual differences as potential moderators or mediators of the BFLPE.

一致或偏离:阶级理论与基层土改中的阶级划分——以江西石城为例

本文选择了宗族较发达的江西石城为个案,以乡、村两级为研究对象,来探讨基层土改中的阶级划分标准、土改理由与中共的阶级理论之间关系。至于阶级划分标准,中共强调的是生产资料占有关系及其使用关系;土改一般是以乡或村为单位,乡、村的土地分配状况地区差异较大,基层的阶级划分标准与中共的或一致或偏离。总体而言,基层遵循了生产资料占有关系为阶级划分的标准,只是一些"无地主或富农"的村庄出现了"拔高"阶级成份现象。面对"偏离"时,往往是"客观性现实"服从"表述性现实",出现了划分标准的政治化、主观化。至于土改理由,中共认为是"两极分化严重";而在基层,"有(大)地主"、"无地主"状况均可能存在。如江西石城"土地分散",中共要面对无"阶级敌人"可斗的尴尬,但却有大量公产的存在。基于中共关于公产的阶级剥削性的理论解释,基层土改将大量公产纳入到"地主、富农"统计。这不仅修正了基层乡村"无地主"的结论,而且使革命顺利进行。     

新课程背景下语文课堂媒体应用的理性思考

教育技术的发展，使语课堂教学走向现代化。新一轮课程改革给语教学带来了一个更广阔的视野，语课程的特性更需要传统教学媒体和现代教学媒体在语教学中实现有机整合、优势互补，这些必须在良好的导向和评价机制下进行。     

The Effects of School Gardens on Children's Science Knowledge: A randomized controlled trial of low-income elementary schools

This randomized controlled trial or ‘true experiment' examines the effects of a school garden intervention on the science knowledge of elementary school children. Schools were randomly assigned to a group that received the garden intervention (n?=?25) or to a waitlist control group that received the garden intervention at the end of the study (n?=?24). The garden intervention consisted of both raised-bed garden kits and a series of 19 lessons. Schools, located in the US states of Arkansas, Iowa, Washington, and New York, were all low-income as defined by having 50% or more children qualifying for the federal school lunch program. Participants were students in second, fourth, and fifth grade (ages 6–12) at baseline (n?=?3,061). Science knowledge was measured using a 7-item questionnaire focused on nutritional science and plant science. The survey was administered at baseline (Fall 2011) and at three time points during the intervention (Spring 2012, Fall 2012, and Spring 2013). Garden intervention fidelity (GIF) captured the robustness or fidelity of the intervention delivered in each classroom based on both lessons delivered and garden activities. Analyses were conducted using general linear mixed models. Survey data indicated that among children in the garden intervention, science knowledge increased from baseline to follow-up more than among control group children. However, science knowledge scores were uniformly poor and gains were very modest. GIF, which takes into account the robustness of the intervention, revealed a dose–response relation with science knowledge: more robust or substantial intervention implementations corresponded to stronger treatment effects.     

王间运与同光派诗学观的异同

诗学汉魏六朝的王阉运,和取法唐宋的同光派诗人交往密切,他们共同创造了晚清诗歌的繁荣;同时诗学观的差异又使晚清的诗歌呈现出多姿多彩的局面。他们的相同点是厚植学养以摹仿古人,不同点是取法汉魏六朝还是唐宋诸贤。     

中学语文课程改革对高等师范院校中文专业课程设置及结构改革调整的启示

高等师范院校中文专业培养的师资,必须适应中学语文课程改革的要求.而目前高等师范院校中文专业在课程设置、课程结构方面与培养适应中学语文课程改革要求的师资上有很大的不适应之处.因此,必须对高等师范院校中文专业课程设置、课程结构进行改革调整.     

Assessment of preschool classroom practices: Application of Q-sort methodology

This paper reports on the application of Q-sort methodology to the development of the Preschool Classroom Practices (PCP) Q-sort. The PCP Q-sort was tested in a sample of 66 preschool teachers and assistants. Results demonstrated the existence of a 2-cluster structure within the Q-sort, comprised of Cognitive Development Activities and Socioemotional Development Activities. Specific properties of the PCP Q-sort, including cluster means, demonstrated consistency across both samples and time. Preschool teachers reported engaging in significantly more Socioemotional Development Activities than Cognitive Development Activities. Relationships to classroom observational measures are presented. Application of the PCP Q-sort as a measure of classroom practices and implications for preschool curriculum are discussed.     

Predictors of quality and child outcomes in family child care settings

Few studies have examined correlates of quality ratings in family child care arrangements. This study analyzes data from a multi-state sample of family child care providers actively seeking professional development for two purposes. First, we examine predictors of observed quality ratings focusing on characteristics of child care providers, the most proximal influences of quality in family child care. Second, we explore associations between three targets of professional development (providers’ attitudes, beliefs, and practices) and the pre-academic and social–emotional skills of preschool-aged children. Provider characteristics indicative of personal and professional resources and stress, as well as providers’ professional attitudes and beliefs, are predictive of observed quality measures. Observed quality and providers’ child-centered beliefs and perceptions of job demands are related to children's developmental outcomes. Implications for future research, policies, and practices are discussed.