在动态变化中探寻新角色：基于美国成人院校机构转型的思考

当今的成人教育机构,已然不必再为＂成人是否学习以及学习如何重要＂而烦恼,而是＂如何应对那些不断增长的、多元的需求,如何管理这种需求的激增＂。教育政策发展、经济上行压力、人口结构调整以及信息技术变革,成为了美国成人院校机构转型的社会情境,引领着转型的方向和重点。为此,美国成人院校机构以创新为转型理念,积极优化组织流程,为社会现实需求提供适切服务,通过加强国际合作延伸组织功能。基于美国成人院校机构转型实践进行引思,有效拓宽了我国成人院校机构转型的视野。     

Editorial

The first article in this issue raises some fascinating issues that relate to my own background in research into student learning and experience of courses in conventional higher education. Richardson, Long and Woodley have administered the Academic Engagement Form', used widely in colleges in the USA, and the 'Course Experience Questionnaire', used widely in universities in Australia, to distance learning students. John Richardson and various colleagues have previously shown that these questionnaires, separately, work as well in distance learning contexts as they do in conventional contexts: that is, they identify the same factors as components of students' experience, and the same factors relating to overall perceptions of quality of experience, as in conventional contexts. Of the many findings reported in the study reported in this issue of Open Learning, two stand out for me. First, academic engagement is shown to play a key role in students' perceptions of academic quality: engaged students perceive their course to be of higher quality. This does not tell us if students who are happy with their courses become more engaged or if those who are engaged become happier with their courses, however, merely that they are related. 'Engagement' here encompasses both social and academic engagement as defined in Tinto's model of student retention. Second, students' overall perceptions of academic quality are mediated by their perceptions of their tutors. The authors conclude: '... the attitudes and behaviours of tutors are crucial to students' perceptions of the academic quality of courses in distance education'. In conventional contexts the item on the Course Experience Questionnaire that relates most closely to student performance concerns the quality of teacher feedback, not teaching, and this is easy to understand in a distance context. The methodology of this paper (relying on factor analysis of questionnaires and multivariate analysis of the relationship between questionnaire scale scores and background variables such as age, gender, educational qualifications, workload and hearing status) may be relatively unfamiliar to readers of Open Learning. What is perhaps more familiar is that such an analysis adds to similar conclusions about the centrality of the tutorial role in ODL students' learning from very different kinds of study (such as of the relationship between tutorial attendance and student performance). There is a growing body of evidence that the same variables are involved in student perceptions of courses and of academic quality in distance learning contexts as in conventional contexts.     

Post-Soviet science: Difficulties in the transformation of the R&D systems in Russia and Ukraine

In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union was among the foremost leaders of world science, thanks in large part to its heavy involvement in military programmes. The USSR developed a large research infrastructure but it lacked effective mechanisms for the commercialization of research results. The main aim of the transformation of R&D systems in the post-Soviet states in the 1990s and early 2000s was the re-orientation of scientific activities away from military and towards civilian goals. Analysis of statistical data at the macro-level suggests that this attempt was not particularly successful. Indeed, most newly independent states could not even preserve a ‘critical mass’ of scientific activities in order to remain among the list of significant producers of research results. In the post-Soviet countries (and in this paper we focus on Russia and Ukraine as the largest states of the region), inputs from the R&D system have failed to generate wealth-creating outputs because of a systemic inability to use the resources for generating commercially viable results effectively. All post-Soviet countries, including Russia and Ukraine, urgently need not only a major transformation within the R&D system, but also important changes in the wider ‘environment’. It is important to stress that, in recent years, changes in R&D have been determined not only by the general economic situation itself but also by the general policy of the post-Soviet states. While Russia has expressed ambitions to regain its former influence as a great power and to use S&T to achieve this goal, Ukraine has no clearly determined objectives for the development of its national science system. However, both countries face certain common problems. The development of relevant institutes and the stimulation of demand for R&D results from the side of industry, broader involvement in the international division of scientific work, and the introduction of adequate legal protection for intellectual property rights are all of critical importance for S&T institutes and other research organizations in Russia and Ukraine. This paper shows that the reforms in the R&D sector have been relatively modest and rather unsystematic over the last one and a half decades. The key challenges, which relate to the inertia and the negative aspects of the previous period (for example, a extremely low level of replacement of aging manpower, largely outdated scientific equipment in research laboratories, and institutional mechanisms that are not relevant to the market economy), pose serious problems for the transformation of the R&D systems in both countries, despite new possibilities and a willingness to increase financial support for R&D.     

海洋产业转型思路与对策初探

本文立足于产业转型的理论基础,从海洋资源环境经济概念模型的角度阐明了实现产业转型是海洋经济继续发展的必然选择,并在此基础上对海洋产业的转型思路进行了探讨,提出了发展海洋服务业,健全海洋产业制度平台,实施海陆一体化产业联动,提升海洋产业品牌,加强海洋产业基金支持,完善海洋产业区域创新体系等实现海洋产业转型的若干对策建议。     

一种导出洛仑兹变换的简明方法

通过二个假设实验,由光速不变原理导出了洛仑兹变换关系式,简明严谨．     

论我国农业科技成果转化的影响因素

农业科技成果的转化已成为我国农业发展的重要影响因素,总体来说,我国农业科技成果的转化率偏低,这已成为各界关注的重要问题。本文分析并总结了影响我国农业科技成果转化因素的相关文献,并着重探讨了我国农民的技术吸收能力和农民的信息获取等因素对农业科技成果转化的影响。     

基于MATLAB的数据线性化变换

在许多实际问题中,变量之间的关系并不简单地呈线性关系,但是许多曲线可以通过变换化为直线。本文应用MATLAB曲线拟合工具箱,探讨了曲线拟合中数据线性化的方法和步骤,分析了数据线性化变换的一般规律,介绍了上机求解拟合曲线的程序。     

入世后我国外商直接投资增长方式转变的战略框架

改革开放以来，我国利用外商直接投资取得了巨大的成就。但是，我国利用外商直接投资的数量扩张和粗放化经营的特征十分明显。为了提高利用外资的质量和效益，积极面对入世给我国利用外资所带来的机遇与挑战，我国应切实转变利用外商直接投资的增长方式。为此，入世后我国利用外商直接投资应采取一种全新的战略，即以效益指向战略为中心，坚持注重质量战略，方式创新战略，结构优化战略，规模经济战略和环境完善战略并举。     

基于理性自觉的大学图书馆转型发展——复旦大学图书馆近五年来的探索实践

理性自觉是主体自觉和理性把握,是精神状态,更是扎扎实实的实践行为。复旦大学图书馆近五年来提升理性自觉,更新理念,积极务实地推进服务转型、管理创新和馆员塑造,探索积累了图书馆转型发展的一些认识和实践素材。     

商业银行零售网点转型之思考

商业银行零售网点由结算型向服务销售型转型,是经济发展、市场竞争加剧的必然,要科学制定转型目标和指导转型实践。网点转型的实质是服务理念、管理体制、经营机制和营销模式的转型。网点转型涉及多方面的工作,主要包括改造业务流程、建设高素质的专业化队伍、营造良好的环境氛围、实施绩效改革、提升销售能力、提高外拓能力等。