Difficulties in co‐opting a complex sign: Our Lady of Guadalupe as a site of semiotic struggle and entanglement

The Cult of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the product of appropriations authored by both the Aztecs and the Roman Catholic Church, has served as a tool of empowerment, dominion, and accommodation. Central to this contested cult is an indigenous reinvention of the Virgin Mary that is simultaneously index, icon, and symbol. This study demonstrates the difficulties in attempting to selectively appropriate the desirable features of such a sign while excluding those deemed undesirable. In attempting to appropriate certain features of the Virgin it deemed desirable, the authors argue, the Church also annexed aspects of the Aztec religious tradition at odds with the teachings of Catholicism. While Catholicism's attempt to co‐opt this Virgin extended the influence of the institutional Catholic Church, the authors suggest, it also undermined the integrity of the faith the Church promotes by fostering a form of popular Catholicism contrary to the teachings and practices of orthodox Catholicism. This study is grounded in data obtained through interviews conducted with pilgrims in the vicinity of the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe immediately prior to, during, and after the Virgin's annual feastday (December 12). The authors also draw upon anthropological, historical, and religious studies scholarship to make sense of the pilgrims’ beliefs and place them within the broader historical and religious contexts in which they operate.     

Educational attainment in the short and long term: was there an advantage to attending faith,private, and selective schools for pupils in the 1980s?

ABSTRACT

This paper asks whether private, selective, and faith schools in England and Wales in the 1980s provided an academic advantage to their pupils, both in the short and longer term. Using longitudinal data from the 1970 British Cohort Study, we examine academic outcomes in compulsory schooling and further education, and the highest qualification gained by age 42. School sector differences are substantially attenuated by controlling for prior pupil characteristics. Nevertheless, a residual effect of private, grammar, and secondary modern schooling remains, both in the short and long term, controlling for both pupil and school characteristics. In the case of faith schools, however, the apparent advantage is restricted to the short term once pupil characteristics are controlled. A unique feature of our analysis is that we control for the individual’s faith of upbringing, which is important in reducing what could otherwise be seen as a distinctive Catholic school advantage.     

罗马法中的亲子关系与古代中国法亲子关系之比较

亲子关系,即父母子女关系,历来受国家法律的重视。罗马法和古代中国对此作了较为详细的规定。二者都认为,家父权是亲子法的核心,均强调家长具有至高无上的权力。只不过,在罗马法中,亲子关系是从私法上予以规制的;而古代中国亲子关系多以刑法的面目出现。这种"亲本位"的亲子关系和近代的"子女本位"的亲子关系均不适合现代社会的发展,我国应该有"社会本位"之亲子法。     

论罗马法的理性

罗马法是简单商品经济高度发展的产物,是后世民法法典编纂的楷模,它建立在高度的理性基础上。罗马法的理性在于注重求实精神,崇尚理性抽象;在于衡平性的创法,使法律与时俱进;在于重视罗马法学家及其理论化的法学思想。高度的理性使得罗马法不断丰富、完善,富有生机地向前发展。     

共和时期至帝国初期罗马元老院职能的演化

罗马元老院是古罗马政治生活的重要组成部分,其在共和时期由简单的咨询机构逐渐转化为掌握了国家行政,立法,财政,宗教,军事,外交等方面实权的机构组织。到帝国初期,元老院得到重建。但由于元首制的建立和元首权力的增强。元老院的职能在政治各方面发生了变化,以后,其权力逐渐被元首吸收,逐渐衰败。     

Christian ethos secondary schools,parental church attendance and student attitude towards Christianity: exploring connections in England and Wales

ABSTRACT

This study employs multi-level linear statistical modelling to examine the power of school-level and individual-level factors to predict individual differences in scores recorded on the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity by 6,036 students (who self-identified as either Christian or no religion) in year-seven, year-eight, year-nine, year-ten, and year-eleven classes within 10 Christian ethos secondary schools. The data demonstrate the complex relationships between school admission policies, parental church attendance (PCA), and the students’ age and sex. Overall PCA emerges as a decisive factor in promoting a positive attitude toward Christianity among students. Christian ethos schools may wish to give greater attention to the importance of parental religiosity in maintaining the Christian ethos of these schools.     

中世纪罗马法的复兴与西欧社会的变革

12世纪前后,西欧大陆出现了罗马法的全面复兴活动,这是西欧经济复苏、商贸繁荣、城市兴起等社会变革的反应.以工商业者为主的市民阶层,本着罗马法中契约平等的原则,以自己的经营活动,冲破封建主义的刚性体制,要求明确和有效地保护私人产权.他们以罗马法的复兴为契机,呼唤法律的公正与权威,扶助以君主为首的民族国家.法律的复兴根植于社会的变革,变革了的社会又推进了法律的系统与完备.     

汕头新中华基督教会研究

汕头新中华基督教会诞生于20世纪20年代,是岭东地区从大公会体制内独立出来的真正的本色化教会,这是长老会长期推行教会自立政策的产物,也是教会内部民族意识觉醒的结果。尽管该会倡导"自立"、"合一",但它在教义和礼仪上与中华基督教会并无明显区别,自立主要表现在体制和经济方面。随着时间的推移,两者渐渐又从分离走向了联合。     

古典式摔跤运动员应具备的心理素质及训练

根据古典式摔跤运动项目的特点与规律,将运动心理学知识与专项训练相结合,采用理论分析的方法,阐述古典式摔跤运动员应具备的心理素质及其训练方法和手段,旨在帮助教练员提高对心理训练的重视,加强对运动员个性心理品质的培养,使运动员在训练和比赛过程中充分发挥技战术水平.     

查士丁尼时期君士坦丁堡的建筑研究

查士丁尼一世是拜占廷帝国历史上一位杰出的政治家,在位期间在帝国各地进行了大规模的建筑活动。其中,首都君士坦丁堡的建筑是其庞大建筑的重要组成部分,圣索菲亚教堂成为查士丁尼一世建筑成就的杰出代表。他的建筑活动基本上符合当时帝国的实际情况,有效地配合了其总体治国战略方针的实施,有利于维护帝国的统治。