Mineralogical and microstructural characteristics of historic Roman cement renders from Budapest,Hungary

Roman cements, one of the most extensively produced types of hydraulic binders of the second half of the 19th century, played an important role in the architecture of many European countries. This paper deals with the chemical-mineralogical and microstructural characterisation of historic Roman cement renders from Budapest, Hungary. Different microscopic techniques were used on polished thin sections and fracture surfaces in order to understand the method of producing these renders and the effect of urban pollution on them. The renders exhibited characteristics typical to a Roman cement mortar, such as high binder to aggregate ratios (b/a), mostly fine-grained aggregates and high capillary porosity, but without the shrinkage cracks that are also normally present. This research suggests that coarse residual cement grains may have acted in a manner similar to aggregates by absorbing stress and thereby reducing the formation of shrinkage cracks. Based on the mineral characteristics of residual cement grains, the samples could be divided into two groups, which correspond to either a higher or lower temperature of calcination of the original source material of the cement. Chemical characteristics of the binders suggest the presence of intermixed CaCO₃ originating from the carbonation of hydration products and partly from residual calcium carbonate of the raw material. Despite dense and often impermeable coats applied in later renovations and exposure to a polluted urban environment, which resulted in formation of gypsum on the surface of the renders, the samples show good to excellent state of preservation after more than a century. The strong “house of cards”-like arrangement of the complex C-(A)-S-H-type phases is responsible for both the high capillary porosity and the good resistance of Roman cement renders to atmospheric pollution and potentially damaging salts such as Na- and K-chlorides which are found near the base of the building due to sidewalk de-icing. These results help to better understand the behaviour of historic Roman cement renders, which in turn assists in making good decisions in choosing a repair material to future restorations of 19th century façades built with this material.     

蚌埠地区设施土壤盐分累积特征研究

对蚌埠市怀远和固镇两地不同年限设施土壤的盐分累积特征进行了研究,测定了土壤剖面各层次中的盐分总量和Na+、K+、NH4+、Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3-、H2PO4-、Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-等10种离子的含量,根据这10种离子之和与盐分总量的比值计算"盐分回收率".结果表明,大棚内土壤表层的盐分总量是露地土壤相同层次的2.4～5.7倍,盐分主要聚积在0～15cm土层中,尤其是0～5cm层次中;随着大棚使用年限的延长,盐分总量有增加趋势;除Na+和HCO3-外,NH4+、Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3-、H2PO4-、SO42-在大棚表层土壤中都有明显的累积,尤以Ca2+和NO3-累积严重,怀远大棚表层土壤的Ca2+和NO3-占盐分离子总量的63.8%,固镇大棚表层土壤的K+、Ca2+和NO3-占盐分离子总量的73.3%;根据"盐分回收率"推断,除了本文测定的10种离子外,还有相当数量(约占总盐的15%～23%)的其他重金属离子和非金属离子存在于大棚土壤中.     

"轻重论"与桑弘羊的理财活动

桑弘羊理财活动的重要理论依据是管子的轻重学说。他运用管子轻重之学,推行盐铁官营、均输、平准和统一铸币权等重要经济政策,解决了汉武帝时期所面临的严重财政困难,为西汉王朝的强盛作出了杰出的贡献。了解轻重理论,将有助于我们了解桑弘羊的理财活动。     

Proteomic analysis of seed germination under salt stress in soybeans

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a salt-sensitive crop, and its production is severely affected by saline soils. Therefore, the response of soybean seeds to salt stress during germination was investigated at both physiological and proteomic levels. The salt-tolerant cultivar Lee68 and salt-sensitive cultivar N2899 were exposed to 100 mmol/L NaCl until radicle protrusion from the seed coat. In both cultivars, the final germination percentage was not affected by salt, but the mean germination times of Lee68 and N2899 were delayed by 0.3 and 1.0 d, respectively, compared with controls. In response to salt stress, the abscisic acid content increased, and gibberellic acid (GA₁₊₃) and isopentenyladenosine decreased. Indole-3-acetic acid increased in Lee68, but remained unchanged in N2899. The proteins extracted from germinated seeds were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), followed by Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 staining. About 350 protein spots from 2-DE gels of pH range 3 to 10 and 650 spots from gels of pH range 4 to 7 were reproducibly resolved, of which 18 protein spots showed changes in abundance as a result of salt stress in both cultivars. After matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis of the differentially expressed proteins, the peptide mass fingerprint was searched against the soybean UniGene database and nine proteins were successfully identified. Ferritin and 20S proteasome subunit β-6 were up-regulated in both cultivars. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) 9, GST 10, and seed maturation protein PM36 were down-regulated in Lee68 by salt, but still remained at a certain level. However, these proteins were present in lower levels in control N2899 and were up-regulated under salt stress. The results indicate that these proteins might have important roles in defense mechanisms against salt stress during soybean seed germination.     

《盐铁论》引诗用诗与西汉昭宣时期《诗经》学

《盐铁论》引诗用诗约75次,以《雅》、《颂》为主,体现了昭宣时期《诗经》解读对美刺时政的重视,具有鲜明的经世治国目的。《盐铁论》所据诗说以齐、鲁、韩三家为主,可能兼有《毛诗》,可见昭宣时期的《诗经》传授与武帝时期一样,仍以三家诗为主流,但当时士人对《毛诗》也有接受。《盐铁论》中论辩双方不主一家诗说,王先谦以《盐铁论》证《齐诗》义,阮元以《盐铁论》证《鲁诗》义,这类观点宜予矫正。     

基于AutoCAD的三视图快速转换三维立体图的方法

目前根据三视图来完成三维图的绘制比较复杂。利用基于AutoCAD的软件-AdaucogitSalt,可以快速地实现三视图转换为三维立体图。Salt解决了工程师制图的繁琐过程,提高了工作效率,使设计者集中心力于创新。     

河北省海盐生产季节的气候变化特征及其对海盐生产的影响

本文应用河北省沿海气象站1961年-2005年45年逐年各月气温、降水量、日照时数、风速等资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了各月潜在蒸散量,并应用气候倾向率、气候趋势系数、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、相关分析等方法,分析了各月气候条件、海盐生产季节气候要素的变化趋势、以及气候变化对海盐生产的影响。结果表明,河北省3月-6月和9月-10月是最适宜海盐生产的季节;海盐生产季节各要素的变化特征为:气温呈上升趋势、降水量为增加趋势、日照时数和蒸散量均为减少趋势,并且这种变化趋势是显著的;蒸散量是影响海盐生产的主要因素,而造成蒸散量减少的主要影响因素是日照时数的减少;综合考虑,目前气候的变化趋势对海盐生产将产生不利影响。     

青海盐湖科技发展历程及建议

介绍了于海盐湖科技发展的历程,提出了加强行业科技进步和企业技术改造;大搞多种经营,搞活盐湖企业;加强镁、硼、锂的综合利用研究等建议。     

气候变化对亚高山草甸类草地牧草生长发育的影响

利用亚高山草甸类草地牧草生长发育定位观测资料和对应气象观测资料,分析气候变化对牧草生长发育的影响。结果表明,研究区域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率玛曲为-9.90mm/10年,降水量存在3年的年际周期变化。气温年际变化趋势呈上升趋势,气温变化曲线线性拟合倾向为0.341℃/10年。草地年干燥指数呈显著上升趋势,干燥指数变化曲线线性拟合倾向率为0.036/10年,20世纪90年代初至2005年明显趋于干旱化。主要禾本科牧草返青到籽实成熟约需140～150天,需≥0℃积温1 000～1 200℃,需降水量400～450mm,需日照时数1 000～1 100h。牧草在返青后64天开始,由缓慢生长转为迅速生长阶段,在返青后的第88天,生长速度最大,返青后112天开始,其生长从迅速生长又转为缓慢生长。对牧草生长发育全生育期而言,受气候变暖,气温增高的影响,近20年牧草开花期提前10～14天,成熟期提前20～24天。从返青到抽穗期,气温对牧草产量形成为正效应,拔节到抽穗期牧草产量形成对气温变化十分敏感,开花到籽实成熟期,热量对牧草的影响由正效应转向负效应,在籽实成熟期牧草产量形成对气温变化进入第二个敏感期。除籽实成熟期降水量对牧草产量形成为负效应外,其余时段降水量对牧草产量形成均为正效应,在禾本科牧草分蘖拔节期牧草产量形成对降水量变化十分敏感,旬降水量每增加1mm,牧草产量可增加(150～200)kg/hm²,籽实成熟期降水量的影响由正效应转向负效应。从返青到分蘖期,日照时数对牧草产量形成为正效应;拔节到开花期日照时数对牧草产量形成为负效应;抽穗期牧草产量形成对日照时数变化十分敏感,籽实成熟期到黄枯期日照时数的影响为正效应。研究区域气候变异系数增大,降水量和气温共同影响,导致该区域牧草产量呈波动变化,牧草产量的变幅明显加大,产量的不稳定性增加。