论明清盐商子弟科举考试中的商籍管理

商籍设立于明末,清承明制,并普及到全国各大盐场。明清商籍设立之初衷为方便远在他乡的盐商子弟参加科举应试,确保他们的科举权利。但因商籍设立与盐业资本之间的密切关系,商籍管理事实上赋予了盐商子弟一种科举特权。这样,商籍制度从设立伊始便具有二重属性:一为科举公平,一为政治交易。商籍管理的特权性质造成清代不断有人假冒商籍参加科举考试。为此,清政府逐步完善了商籍管理的各项制度,在一定程度上维护了科举考试的正常秩序。     

论剩余价值与劳动租金--基于西方经济学视角下的“剩余价值”?

剩余价值理论不断遭受西方经济学主流学者的非难,通过他们所使用的经济租金(包括隐晦的劳动租金)、垄断租金、生产者剩余和经济剩余等概念,其本质或为剩余价值,或不能完全撇开剩余价值。因此,马克思阐述的“资本家剥削雇佣劳动的剩余价值”的核心思想是驳不倒的真理。     

生产服务业发展与广东产业结构升级关联分析

生产服务业在产业结构演进过程中起着积极推进作用。通过对比全球金融风暴与广东“双转移”战略实施前后生产服务业与各产业的动态关联关系,发现生产服务业对广东区域产业转型升级有明显促进作用,能有效主导区域经济结构调整与产业优化升级。生产服务业内部各行业所起作用并不一致,且内部各产业部门间的关联关系正在加强。     

主持人兼制片人制的发展趋势

主持人身兼制片人成为电视媒体发展的必然结果,而主持人成功转型制片人对节目发展起着重要的作用,也将成为节目通向成功的发展趋势。     

福建省发展生产性服务业的思路与对策

生产性服务业是我国＂十一五＂和＂十二五＂规划中突出强调的重要发展产业。文章就＂十一五＂福建生产性服务业发展现状和面临的突出问题进行分析,提出了＂十二五＂期间促进福建省生产性服务业发展的总体思路,并就二三产业互动发展规划、加强产业关联、放宽市场准入、拓宽投融资渠道等方面提出若干建议。     

秦代手工业生产者的身份与地位

在秦代官府手工业中,既有被征调的且得到薪酬的自由工匠,又有一定数量暂时失去自由身份、人数众多、身份低下、待遇极差的刑徒,还有相当数量的其身份为真正的奴隶待遇的官奴婢存在.在私营手工业与农民家庭副业生产中,主要为自由工匠、私属徒及个体手工业生产者.私属徒的实际身份为奴隶,地位低下.     

北京政府对华俄道胜银行停业之处理

华俄道胜银行在中国的主要金融活动集中在东北及新疆地区,它是中国近代史上一个特殊的金融机构,其特殊性体现在它的资金构成、机构组织、经营项目及强烈的政治特质等方面,所以当银行于1926年单方面宣告停业后,北京政府迅速做出相应处理以期保护中方利益。处理的焦点集中在法国的介入清理与道胜银行关税、盐税存储权的续传问题上。虽然北京政府最终以妥协完成了对银行的停业清理,但在处理过程中显现了其积极、务实的一面。     

Investigating salt decay of stone materials related to the environment,a case study in the St. James church in Liège,Belgium

Salt crystallization is recognized as a major cause of damage to porous building materials, threatening the sustainable preservation of our valuable built heritage. Unfortunately, the crystallization behavior of the detected salt mixtures is complex and not fully understood. While the deliquescence points of single salts are well documented, this is not the case for salts in a mixture where one is confronted with the presence of different cations and anions. In this paper the salt content of the murals and the limestone tracery of the main entrance porch from the sixteenth century church of St. James in Liège, Belgium is investigated and related to the climatic conditions of its environment. Concerning the salt load, the research consists of hygroscopic moisture content measurements, quantitative ion analyses, and the prediction of phase equilibria using the thermodynamic model ECOS/RUNSALT. This model can predict the salt crystallization sequences of a particular ion mixture. The output is mathematically evaluated with collected temperature and relative humidity data, which enables the calculation of the number of salt crystallization–deliquescence cycles. The results show that even small amounts of salts can cause damage over a long period of time when the environment causes frequent cycles of crystallization–deliquescence over time. It is shown how a mixture of small amounts of (double) salts, including hygroscopic ones, can have a significant effect on the decay of historic building materials in the case of daily changing climatic conditions and periods of extreme drought. As a result, the crystallization of double salts and hygroscopic salts such as calcium nitrate cannot be ignored. The scientific method and the results are described.     

Mineralogical and microstructural characteristics of historic Roman cement renders from Budapest,Hungary

Roman cements, one of the most extensively produced types of hydraulic binders of the second half of the 19th century, played an important role in the architecture of many European countries. This paper deals with the chemical-mineralogical and microstructural characterisation of historic Roman cement renders from Budapest, Hungary. Different microscopic techniques were used on polished thin sections and fracture surfaces in order to understand the method of producing these renders and the effect of urban pollution on them. The renders exhibited characteristics typical to a Roman cement mortar, such as high binder to aggregate ratios (b/a), mostly fine-grained aggregates and high capillary porosity, but without the shrinkage cracks that are also normally present. This research suggests that coarse residual cement grains may have acted in a manner similar to aggregates by absorbing stress and thereby reducing the formation of shrinkage cracks. Based on the mineral characteristics of residual cement grains, the samples could be divided into two groups, which correspond to either a higher or lower temperature of calcination of the original source material of the cement. Chemical characteristics of the binders suggest the presence of intermixed CaCO₃ originating from the carbonation of hydration products and partly from residual calcium carbonate of the raw material. Despite dense and often impermeable coats applied in later renovations and exposure to a polluted urban environment, which resulted in formation of gypsum on the surface of the renders, the samples show good to excellent state of preservation after more than a century. The strong “house of cards”-like arrangement of the complex C-(A)-S-H-type phases is responsible for both the high capillary porosity and the good resistance of Roman cement renders to atmospheric pollution and potentially damaging salts such as Na- and K-chlorides which are found near the base of the building due to sidewalk de-icing. These results help to better understand the behaviour of historic Roman cement renders, which in turn assists in making good decisions in choosing a repair material to future restorations of 19th century façades built with this material.