Unequal academic achievement in high school: the mediating roles of concerted cultivation and close friends

Building from the classic Wisconsin model of status attainment, this study examines whether a specific style of parenting, concerted cultivation, and a close friend’s school-related attitudes and behaviors mediate the relationship between a family’s socioeconomic status and their child’s academic achievement in the United States. Using a recursive path model on nationally representative panel data of high school students (N = 10,350), the results confirm a direct association between socioeconomic status and concerted cultivation. In addition, concerted cultivation and close friends are shown to mediate the relationship between a family’s socioeconomic status and their child’s academic achievement.     

从火攻谋略看孙子对战争复杂性的认识

《火攻篇》是《孙子兵法》十三篇这个恢弘体系中一个非常重要的有机组成部分。火攻不仅是古代战争中非常重要的作战方式,同时也是以较少代价夺取更大胜利的重要作战方式之一,更是一种能够体现战争指挥者驾御人与自然的各种复杂关系的作战方式之一。《火攻篇》对我们的启迪是:大千世界的事事物物,都可能是我们手中的一种武器,或成为我们战胜敌人的一个重要因素和条件,而不应当只把自己手中的武器看成是武器。《火攻篇》的慎战思想是孙子对战争复杂性认识的进一步深化,体现了孙子对战争本身复杂性和后果严重性的双重忧虑。     

Prospective primary teachers’ perceptions about the use of mathematics homework

The benefit of homework (HW) has been the subject of ongoing debate among various stakeholders. Within this debate, and in relation to teacher development, prospective teachers’ views of HW have received limited attention. In this study, we survey primary pre-service teachers’ (‘PSTs’) views of HW use (n = 45 teaching grades 2–5; n = 39 teaching grades 6 and 7) in a single discipline (mathematics) at one large Australian university.

The literature suggests students in upper primary and secondary grades will benefit from the use of mathematics HW. Results of the study, in contrast, suggest our PSTs teaching early primary grades planned to give proportionally (but not significantly) more mathematics HW than those teaching later grades. Reasons for this disparity are discussed. We argue there is a need in teacher development to equip PSTs with a better understanding of how classroom and home-based learning work together in the development of mathematical understanding.     

结构人类学:人文与科学的统一?

西方思想传统中人文主义与科学理性在近代开始分道扬镳,20世纪结构人类学家列维一斯特劳斯通常被人当作反人文主义的代表,但也有人视其为当代真正的人文主义者。列氏是如何考虑人文与科学之间的问题呢?本文将就其结构人类学著作中的相关言论的分析,试图作出符合列氏思想真实的结论,并借此而探寻人文与科学在网络时代复归统一的根基与意义。     

Family socioeconomic status,parental expectations,and adolescents’ academic achievements: a case of China

This study examines direct and indirect effects of family socioeconomic status (SES) and parental expectations on adolescents’ mathematics and problem-solving achievement in mainland China. SES here is composed of family wealth, home educational resources, and parental education. Over 5,000 ninth-grade students in 5 geographical districts of China participated in the study and were assessed by using the items adapted from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Results from structural equation modelling indicated that 2 components of SES – home educational resources and parental education – positively predicted parental expectations; however, the 3rd component – family wealth – negatively predicted parental expectations. Family wealth, parental education, and parental expectations significantly predicted mathematics achievement, and home educational resources, parental education, and parental expectations significantly predicted problem-solving achievement. The 3 components of SES also had significant indirect effects on both mathematics and problem-solving achievement through parental expectations, and the effect of family wealth was a suppression effect. These results were further discussed from Chinese cultural contexts.     

“人以群分”适用于大学生的学业成就吗——基于社会网络分析和Meta分析的方法

嵌入班级网络中的大学生在交往中形成不同的小群体,这些小群体间的学业成就是否具有显著性差异?研究者将社会网络分析方法中的整体网分析与元分析(Meta分析)相结合,在对大学生班级内小群体的学业成就差异进行多项独立研究的基础上,运用元分析技术将29项研究(N=1076)的结果予以综合分析,得到如下结论:(1)每个班级的大学生都在互动过程中形成了不同数量的小群体,且每个小群体中的学生数量不同;(2)大学生学业成就存在着“人以群分”现象,即同一班级的大学生在互动中产生的小群体在学业成就上存在显著性差异。因此,大学生应加强与高学业成就水平的小群体之间的互动以提高学业成就;而高校管理者也应采用科学的方法识别班级中的不同小群体,从而采取相应的学业成就提升策略。     

Self-regulation of homework behaviour: relating grade,gender, and achievement to homework management

Abstract

The present investigation linked grade, gender, and maths achievement to homework management strategies using data from 305 Chinese students in grades 7, 8, and 9. These strategies included arranging the environment, managing time, handling distraction, monitoring motivation, and controlling potentially interfering emotion. A three-way MANOVA examined the effects of grade, gender, and maths achievement on homework management strategies. Grade or gender was not related to homework management strategies. Meanwhile, high-achieving students (compared with low-achieving students) were more likely to arrange the environment, manage time, handle distraction, monitor motivation, and control negative emotion.     

科研成果技术评价改革探讨

当前科研项目的投资主体呈现出多元化，而科研成果的技术评价方式仍由政府主管行政部门管理下的单一评价方式，存在某些弊端，导致了技术需求者对技术评价结论的质疑。要使技术评价结论有更高的权威性，还必须对目前技术评价中的某些不太完善的方面进行改革，体现技术评价结论的国家权威性。本文提出了改变现状的一些设想。     

进一步提高自然科学基金资助项目的创新性之研究

中国国家自然科学基金委员会(NSFC)成立十年来,大力支持基础研究,强调了支持创新的政策,结出了丰硕的成果,证明科技体制改革迈出的这一步是十分正确的.但通过问卷调查,也发现目前无论是从体制、评审程序、资助政策、专家的遴选使用和管理上,都还存在一些不利于创新的因素.如何克服这些不利因素,文中提出了13点具体改进措施     

Convergence of national science and technology policies: the case of Finland

It is a commonly held view that differences in national histories, cultures, political contexts, and the timing of a country’s entry into the industrialization process are reflected as diversity among countries in their goals, priorities, boundaries, directions, ranges, instruments and also in the performance of science and technology policy. This article, which examines development processes of Finnish science and technology policy, concludes that instead of divergence there is such startling convergence of organizational forms and practices. Finland has largely adopted its policy doctrines and instruments from the countries, which from the Finnish perspective, have been considered legitimate and successful.