"先欧后亚"的代价与豫湘桂大溃退

“先欧后亚”战略的结果是中国要在日本的长期围困、缺乏盟国直接有效的物资及军事配合支持的情况下 ,经受住日本最大的军事压力。因长期的超负荷承担战争压力 ,使中国正面战场的抵抗能力日趋下降 ,这是先欧后亚这一战略选择的必然代价 ,但也恰恰是中国为赢得这场战争 ,不惜付出巨大民族牺牲所作出的特殊而又带悲壮色彩的贡献形式。可以说在二战中是以中国的长期虚弱为代价支撑着盟军各条战线的辉煌 ,豫湘桂作战是这一全球战略与中国战场关系的缩影 ,是以牺牲中国为代价换取盟军全球战略实施的典型表现     

第二次鸦片战争与华工出洋合法化

鸦片战争后,英法为首的西方国家对劳工的需求和清政府禁止华工出洋的传统政策发生了激烈冲突。英法等国迫切希望谋得在华招工的合法地位,而第二次鸦片战争正好为它们提供了契机,战争形势左右着华工问题的交涉。在英法等国的军事威胁下,合法招工权利首先被清政府两广地方官员所承认,随后的《北京条约》更是将招工合法化扩大到各个通商口岸。第二次鸦片战争是导致华工出洋合法化的主要客观因素。     

The Convitti Scuola della Rinascita (the Boarding Schools of Rebirth): an innovative pedagogy for democracy in post-war Italy (1945–1955)

Abstract

In 1945, Italian society was in crisis. Twenty years of fascism and the aerial bombing and military offensives of the Second World War had left the civilian population suffering and the nation in need of reinvention. In this difficult context, certain anti-fascist intellectuals devised the interesting pedagogical experiment of the 11 Convitti Scuola della Rinascita (Boarding Schools of Rebirth) for adult learners, mainly those who had been partisans engaged in the Italian resistance during the war. This article reconstructs the birth of the Convitti within the general framework of education, war and reconstruction. It investigates the arduous search for and development of an adult education curriculum – outside the traditional models – suited to the ethical and political reconstruction of students. Finally, it situates the Convitti and their demise amidst the dilemmas that affected both the ruling classes and the teachers called to redefine their role in a newly democratic Italy.     

从词典用户角度评述《汉英大辞典》(第二版)与《新世纪汉英大词典》

本文首先从历时的角度概述了汉英词典编纂的历史沿革,然后着重从“新、全、便”三方面评述吴光华主编的《汉英大辞典》(第二版)和惠宇主编的《新世纪汉英大词典》这两部时下最具有代表性的汉英词典,最后指出存在的不足。     

Teachers’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of three-dimensional virtual worlds for social skills practice

This case study describes how a systematic 7-Step Virtual Worlds Teacher Training Workshop guided the enculturation of 18 special education teachers into three-dimensional virtual worlds. The main purpose was to enable these teachers to make informed decisions about the usability of virtual worlds for students with social skills challenges, such as students with autism. A 10-point rating scale was used to measure the perceived usability of virtual worlds for social skills practice. Although the mean usability was higher after the intervention, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the mean ratings (p = .14). A majority of the participants (76%) tended to be supportive of the idea of using virtual worlds in special education. Three key themes emerged from the qualitative instruments, namely, Virtual World Pedagogy, Virtual World Benefits, and Virtual World Challenges, encompassing 18 codes overall. This article focuses on the benefits and challenges of virtual worlds for social skills practice as perceived by special education teachers. Social skills practice and repeated practice opportunities in a stress-reduced environment emerged as the key benefits, although these affordances were affected by various challenges. The study concludes with suggestions for future research for special education purposes.     

试论张学良与第二次国共合作

西安事迹是促成国共第二次合作，发动全民族抗战的关键。在这一事件中，张学良以他特殊的地位成为扭转时局的关键人物。本文试图对张学良在西安事变前的思想转变，特别是他发动西安事为和对第二次国共合作的巨大贡献作以探讨。     

战后日本的产业政策及其特点

二战后日本政府在经济发展的不同时期及时制定并实行了合理有效的产业政策，对日本的经济恢复和高速增长发挥了重大作用。日本的产业政策具有显特点，一是每一个阶段的政策目标都产生于一种不断更新的赶超压力；二是其产业政策是产业的重点扶植政策；三是产业政策的制定是各方利益主体共同参与决策的过程；四是产业政策具有稳定性、连续性和程序化的特点。     

计算机辅助二语习得的研究方法

文章通过介绍国内外二语习得研究方法的发展历史和趋势,结合我国目前的现状,指出计算机辅助二语习得研究时要采用行动研究作为现阶段的主要研究方法。作者主要从对二语习得研究方法的认识、对行动研究的理解、如何开展行动研究来阐述自己的观点。     

一种Kummer类型的微分方程及其严格解

以级数展开的方法，严格求解了一个二阶变系数微分方程，讨论了解函数的对称性及其收敛性，通过与已知的其他特殊函数的比较发现，运用适当的变量代换，方程的解可用已知的合流超几何函数来表示。并且在此代换下，此微分方程的确可变换为Kummer方程。     

贝蒂·弗里丹《第二阶段》与美国第二次女权运动的发展

20世纪70年代末期,美国第二次女权运动在众多因素的综合作用下进入衰落时期。正是在这样特殊的背景下,贝蒂·弗里丹的著作《第二阶段》于1981年问世。在这部著作里,她总结了兴起于20世纪60年代的美国第二次女权运动的得失,并提出进入女权运动第二阶段的历史任务及在第二阶段需要采用的新模式——贝塔模式。