Measurement Bias Detection Through Factor Analysis

Assessing the correctness of a structural equation model is essential to avoid drawing incorrect conclusions from empirical research. In the past, the chi-square test was recommended for assessing the correctness of the model but this test has been criticized because of its sensitivity to sample size. As a reaction, an abundance of fit indexes have been developed. The result of these developments is that structural equation modeling packages are now producing a large list of fit measures. One would think that this progression has led to a clear understanding of evaluating models with respect to model misspecifications. In this article we question the validity of approaches for model evaluation based on overall goodness-of-fit indexes. The argument against such usage is that they do not provide an adequate indication of the “size” of the model's misspecification. That is, they vary dramatically with the values of incidental parameters that are unrelated with the misspecification in the model. This is illustrated using simple but fundamental models. As an alternative method of model evaluation, we suggest using the expected parameter change in combination with the modification index (MI) and the power of the MI test.     

艺术作品中面部表情不对称与情绪的脑半球偏侧化

情绪脑半球功能偏侧化研究领域中有一个较为有趣的方面——面部表情的不对称.面部不对称的相关研究揭示,面部左侧与右侧在情绪表达方面会显示出差异.有关面部表情的不对称,研究者专门做了有意表情和无意表情的区分,相应的研究结果也分别与情绪脑半球功能偏侧化的理论模型相关联.最后,结合以上研究,对艺术作品中人物肖像“左侧偏好”的原因进行了分析和总结.     

Gendered inequalities in competitive grant funding: an overlooked dimension of gendered power relations in academia

ABSTRACT

Research grant funding influences the organisation of academic work and academic careers. We problematise general approaches to gender bias in research grant funding and argue that it fails to include the wider structures of inequality and the unequal gendered power relations in academia. Approaching the subject with gender budgeting we challenge assumed gender-neutral practices. The objective is to illuminate how the gendered funding system and (the previous and subsequent) gendered structures of academia are maintained. The whole grants scheme is assessed, drawing on statistical data collected on the whole population of a medium-size, comprehensive research and educational institution in Iceland, and two types of competitive grants. The data is measured against the pool of applicants and comparisons within and between fields and ranks are made. By including the structures of inequality and the gendered power relations, the results show how the funding system is biased not only in favour of men, but towards the male-dominated and culturally masculine positions and fields. This approach illustrates the need to address the whole academic system in order to challenge the norms that maintain and reproduce gender inequalities.     

How to detect indications of potential sources of bias in peer review: A generalized latent variable modeling approach exemplified by a gender study

The universalism norm of the ethos of science requires that contributions to science are not excluded because of the contributors’ gender, nationality, social status, or other irrelevant criteria. Here, a generalized latent variable modeling approach is presented that grant program managers at a funding organization can use in order to obtain indications of potential sources of bias in their peer review process (such as the applicants’ gender). To implement the method, the data required are the number of approved and number of rejected applicants for grants among different groups (for example, women and men or natural and social scientists). Using the generalized latent variable modeling approach indications of potential sources of bias can be examined not only for grant peer review but also for journal peer review.     

确认并讨论研究方法中可能出现的误差

在任何学术研究中第一手资料和第二手资料的研究都是必要的。所有的资料来源于这些研究,这些研究也给学术的调查提供了主要的资源。因此,每一位研究人员都应该认识到自己调查研究中会出现的一些偏差。这篇文章就是针对调研中可能出现的一些偏差进行了一定的研究和解释,并且讨论了怎样可以使其降低至最少并介绍了一些可能办法。     

加工中心的刀具选择和使用

加工中心价格昂贵，使用成本高，为了提高加工中心的工作效率。其刀具既要精度高、刚性好、装夹调整方便，又要切削性能强、耐用度高。本文结合实际加工从应用角度提出了加工中心刀具的选择和使用应该遵循的一些原则。     

Determining validity and identifying nonresponse bias in a survey requesting income data

Two procedures for validating incomes self-reported in ranges by University of Kentucky doctoral graduates, one comparing grouped data to income data collected by the National Academy of Sciences (1974) for the same year, 1973, the other comparing individual self-report data in a double-blind process to state income tax records, indicating that the self-report data were generally accurate. A check of respondents versus nonrespondents in various categories (sex, age, graduation year, Holland type, Biglan type) showed no difference in the proportion of response in any category. Comparison of nonrespondent income with respondent income in state income tax records revealed that nonrespondents averaged almost $3,500.00 less income during that year than did respondents. This finding held true across all categories but two.     

个体在剪纸文化内涵认知方面的偏差研究

[目的/意义] 以剪纸作品为载体,通过探究不同个体在剪纸文化内涵认知上存在的偏差,了解在传统文化传播过程中导致个人对传统文化内涵认知的差异化的因素,以期能在传统文化的内涵识别、精准传播方面获得有益启示。[方法/过程] 通过眼动实验、问卷调查获取样本数据,采用方差分析判定影响个体对剪纸文化内涵认知的潜在因素。[结果/结论] 研究发现,文化程度、学科背景、对剪纸文化的了解程度、家庭文化氛围等因素会影响个体对剪纸文化内涵的识别,而性别则不会影响。在此基础上,就如何进行传统文化精准化传播给出建议。     

黄昇《花庵词选》新论--我国最早有评点的词选

我国最早评点词选的,是南宋的黄,而不是通常人们所说的刘辰翁和方回。文章从黄《花庵词选》的形式、内容,以及他所处的生活环境、地域文化的影响,和词学发展的内在原因等诸多方面分别予以考察,探考这部词选得以产生的原因及其成就,以期学界对此有所认识。     

数学观的内隐认知研究探析

学生的数学观由数学知识观、数学学习观和数学自我概念3部分构成.在数学教学改革和内隐社会认知大行其道的背景下,把内隐社会认知和数学观的研究结合起来,了解学生内隐的数学自我概念是必要的.采用内隐联想测验和刻板印象解释偏差这两种内隐认知测量方法测量学生的内隐数学自我概念是可行的.未来研究中还可以尝试用其它内隐认知研究方法研究数学观.