黄廖本《现代汉语》(下册)若干问题商榷

文章就黄伯荣、廖序东主编的《现代汉语》（增订三版）语法部分中,动词、量词、代词、介词、形容词、把字句、被字句、双重否定句等部分相关章节所涉及到的原则性及行文表述上的一些问题,阐述了自己的看法。     

存在句A段介词使用情况考察

文章考察了存在句A段介词的三种使用情况及各种使用条件,并试图给出合理的解释。     

杨树达《古书句读释例》解题

文章重在从作者、源流、释例体例、释例方式和本书的价值等方面，介绍杨树达先生的《古书句读释例》，为理解和阅读此书提供建议和参考。     

Adjacency,animacy, and intensionality as cues to oral and written sentence comprehension

Subjects of verbs in English sentences may be indicated by any one of a number of cues. In some cases, the subject of the verb is determined by semantic constraints, as when the verb requires an animate noun phrase as subject; in other cases the subject is determined by syntactic factors, as in the case of third person singular verb markers; and, as is commonly the case in informal language, the most immediately preceding noun phrase is the subject of the verb. These three types of cues, semantic (here described as extensional), syntactic (here labeled intensional), and adjacency are investigated in a series of tests of sentence comprehension using university undergraduates as subjects.The results of these experiments show that when the adjacency strategy does not apply, even these highly literate native speakers have great difficulty in correctly comprehending subject-verb correspondences.These results are discussed in the context of the relationship between intensional linguistic processing and literacy.     

Effective sentence retrieval based on query-independent evidence

In this paper we propose an effective sentence retrieval method that consists of incorporating query-independent features into standard sentence retrieval models. To meet this aim, we apply a formal methodology and consider different query-independent features. In particular, we show that opinion-based features are promising. Opinion mining is an increasingly important research topic but little is known about how to improve retrieval algorithms with opinion-based components. In this respect, we consider here different kinds of opinion-based features to act as query-independent evidence and study whether this incorporation improves retrieval performance. On the other hand, information needs are usually related to people, locations or organizations. We hypothesize here that using these named entities as query-independent features may also improve the sentence relevance estimation. Finally, the length of the retrieval unit has been shown to be an important component in different retrieval scenarios. We therefore include length-based features in our study.     

《朱子语类》被字句的衍变

"被"字句大约萌芽于战国末期,唐宋以后逐渐成为汉语被动式的主要形式,其数量发展速度快,类型更为复杂。穷尽性检索分析《朱子语类》的"被"字句,证以CCL语料库检索系统语料,总结《语类》"被"字句的类型与特点,以管窥宋代"被"字句的发展和衍变。     

"比"字句的两种非比较句法意义——兼论"比"字句语义的测试条件

比字句除了通常的比较作用,还可以有描绘和强调两种功能。描绘是显示主体与一个异类事物有相同性并超过它的意义,强调则是显示主体的某种属性在全体同类之中为第一。比字句的这两种不同的意义都可以从视点的特殊性得到解释,它们不是用于比较的性质也可以由一些方法测试出来。     

QCS: A system for querying, clustering and summarizing documents

Information retrieval systems consist of many complicated components. Research and development of such systems is often hampered by the difficulty in evaluating how each particular component would behave across multiple systems. We present a novel integrated information retrieval system—the Query, Cluster, Summarize (QCS) system—which is portable, modular, and permits experimentation with different instantiations of each of the constituent text analysis components. Most importantly, the combination of the three types of methods in the QCS design improves retrievals by providing users more focused information organized by topic.We demonstrate the improved performance by a series of experiments using standard test sets from the Document Understanding Conferences (DUC) as measured by the best known automatic metric for summarization system evaluation, ROUGE. Although the DUC data and evaluations were originally designed to test multidocument summarization, we developed a framework to extend it to the task of evaluation for each of the three components: query, clustering, and summarization. Under this framework, we then demonstrate that the QCS system (end-to-end) achieves performance as good as or better than the best summarization engines.Given a query, QCS retrieves relevant documents, separates the retrieved documents into topic clusters, and creates a single summary for each cluster. In the current implementation, Latent Semantic Indexing is used for retrieval, generalized spherical k-means is used for the document clustering, and a method coupling sentence “trimming” and a hidden Markov model, followed by a pivoted QR decomposition, is used to create a single extract summary for each cluster. The user interface is designed to provide access to detailed information in a compact and useful format.Our system demonstrates the feasibility of assembling an effective IR system from existing software libraries, the usefulness of the modularity of the design, and the value of this particular combination of modules.     

树形图在英语句子结构分析中的应用

利用树形图来分析英语句子结构是一种比较新颖的分析方法。它是句法学中分析句子结构的方法之一。通过树形图的说明,除了句子结构成分之间的文法关系得以清楚呈现之外。模棱两可的句子结构也可得到更好的解析。     

Do easy-to-read adaptations really facilitate sentence processing for adults with a lower level of education? An experimental eye-tracking study

The Easy-to-Read guidelines recommend visual support and lexical simplification to facilitate text processing, but few studies have empirically verified the efficacy of these guidelines. This study examined the influence of these recommendations on sentence processing by examining eye movements at the text- and word-level in adult readers. We tested 30 non-university adults (low education level) and 30 university adults (high education level). The experimental task consisted of 60 sentences. Half were accompanied by an image and half were not, and half contained a low-frequency word and half a high-frequency word. Results showed that visual support and lexical simplification facilitated processing in both groups of adults, and non-university adults were significantly slower than university adults at sentence processing. However, lexical simplification resulted in faster processing in the non-university adults’ group. Conclusions focus on the mechanisms in which both adaptations benefit readers, and practical implications for reading comprehension.