Child maltreatment and adult health in a national sample: Heterogeneous relational contexts,divergent effects?

Objective

This study considers the long-term health consequences of child maltreatment. Distinct from previous research, we examine the effects of maltreatment in the context of more general parental evaluations.

Method

Analyses used retrospective and current data from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study.

Results

A considerable proportion of middle- and older-age adults who experienced frequent maltreatment nevertheless evaluated the relationship with their offending parent as “excellent”, “very good”, or “good” (e.g., 47% for physical and emotional maltreatment by mothers). Maltreated respondents generally evaluated their maltreating parents less favorably than non-maltreating parents, but there was considerable variation in these recollected relationships. Adults who experienced child maltreatment reported a greater number of chronic medical conditions and physical symptoms and lower self-rated health, but effects were smaller when they had positive relationships with their parents than when one or more of the relationships was perceived as negative.

Conclusions

These findings highlight a common and seemingly paradoxical pattern among MIDUS participants: the co-presence of harsh parental behavior and positive recollections of parental relationships during childhood. Moreover, these surprising patterns of retrospective interpretation predict very different experiences of adult health – health problems are most pronounced among maltreatment in cases where the respondent had a generally negative relationship with one or more of his or her parents.     

"文采派"之于汤显祖辨疑

人们通常称汤显祖为"文采派",认为"临川派"等于"文采派".本文拟从"文采"本义、汤显祖的戏曲主张与剧作精髓以及前人评论三方面入手指出这种认识的错误与源由,并提出"情采派"的称谓.     

建立基于SAN技术的存储网络

各种网络应用服务的飞速发展,促进了以SAN(存储区域网)为代表的网络存储技术的发展.分析了SAN的部署架构及其技术特点,在此基础上讨论了在企业生产环境中如何将SAN存储技术与传统的NAS技术结合,构建可扩展的存储环境.     

“Neglected moms” - The implications of emotional neglect in childhood for the transition to motherhood

BackgroundThe transition to motherhood involves many challenges that require adjustment; included among them are adapting to body changes, forging a maternal identity, and attaching to the baby. Although these tasks may not be easy for any women, those who experienced emotional neglect during childhood may find them especially difficult.ObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to examine a model illuminating the mechanism underlying the association between childhood emotional neglect and women’s adjustment during pregnancy and the postpartum period.Participants and settingThree hundred and ninety four Israeli women participated in the study, during their pregnancy (Time 1) and two months postpartum (Time 2).MethodsParticipants filled out a battery of questionnaires assessing their history of childhood emotional neglect, body experience, maternal self-efficacy, attachment to the fetus/baby, and depression.ResultsResults from structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that childhood emotional neglect was associated with depression at both Time 1 and Time 2. These associations were mediated by the body experience during pregnancy (Time 1) and motherhood (Time 2) as well as by anticipated maternal self-efficacy (Time 1) and maternal self-efficacy (Time 2). The model explained 56% of the variance of postpartum depression (Time 2).ConclusionsThese findings point to the long-term implications of childhood emotional neglect for women’s adjustment to the transition to motherhood. The underlying mechanism suggested by the research model is discussed.     

罗隐寓居池州诸事考述

至目前为止,尚未见学术界对罗隐这位唐才子寓居池州六七年的史实,进行系统而具体地追踪和研究。近年来,笔者在广觅文献和实地调查基础上,对罗隐寓居池州的起止年份、寓居的因缘和机遇、罗隐对池州人和池州山水的深情恋眷,以及他在池州对人生道路的重大转折等等,一一进行钩沉、考证和论述。     

Non-organic failure to thrive: Decision for and videotaped evaluations

Infants hospitalized for non-organic failure to thrive in the first six months of life are in a life-threatening situation and are already at risk for poor bonding with mother. In light of this, the meaning and use of foster care and how this separation affects the developing mother-child relationship are the issues addressed through examination of 16 cases in which 8 of the infants were placed in foster care and 8 discharged home after the failure to thrive hospitalization. This paper examines (1) maternal histories of pregnancy, labor and delivery and the neonatal status of placed and non-placed infants; (2) the developmental and weight status of placed children; (3) the nature of the decision criteria for after-hospital care; and (4) the mother-infant relationship at initial intake in terms of mother's report of events and observations of feeding and play interactions during a videotaped assessment process. The study found that the interactions between mother and infant in those situations which required foster care were clearly more dysfunctional when compared to those in which the baby was discharged home to mother. Babies in the two groups were comparable in weight status at the time of hospitalization although babies in foster placement had slightly lower scores on the Bayley Scales. Maternal histories of pregnancy, labor, and delivery were similar for the two groups as were the birth and neonatal histories of the infants.     

Differences in Conversational Skills as a Function of Attachment Style: A Follow-up Study

A recent set of studies demonstrated that people evaluate their own and their partner's social skills differently as a function of attachment style. The present study extends this work by examining attachment-style differences in four conversational skills—expressiveness, composure, other-orientation, and interaction management—as rated by observers. To test for attachment-style differences, romantic couples were videotaped as they discussed relational problems or conflict issues. Based on a pretest, one of the romantic partners was targeted as representative of the secure, dismissive, fearful avoidant, or preoccupied attachment style. Two dimensions related to attachment—anxiety and avoidance—were also investigated in regard to their relations with conversational skills. Results suggest that the behavioral profiles largely reflect attachment theoretical assumptions for secures, dismissives, and fearful avoidants, and to a lesser extent, preoccupieds.     

论李清照词的感伤美

“感伤 ”是李清照词的一大特色。其词伤春伤别哀怨淋淋,哀国悲志更具特色,表现了一种饱含哲理而又脱俗的伤感。本文从“哀别”、“哀情”、“哀国”三个角度分析了李清照词沉郁悲凉的风格,浓厚而又含蓄的“感伤美”。     

Teacher-student attachment relationship,variables associated,and measurement: A systematic review

This systematic review offers an overview of the results of research from the last 10 years concerning the teacher-student relationship and its connection with other attachment theory constructs and child development variables. An exhaustive search of Web of Science, SCOPUS, and PsycINFO was performed, finding a total of 24 studies that met the established eligibility criteria. The evidence accumulated between 2010 and 2020 suggests that: 1) early care experiences have an effect on the formation of new relationships at primary school, although it is possible that children will construct new mental representations based on interactions in day to day life, 2) at the level of the teacher's characteristics, attachment style and the availability towards children's needs seem to be associated with school adjustment and problematic behaviour in children, and 3) the quality of the teacher-student relationship is significantly associated with externalizing and internalizing behaviour, school liking, peer acceptance, academic performance, self-concept and emotional regulation in children. For its part, when evaluating the quality of the teacher-student relationship, STRS continues to be widely used to study the teacher's perspective. However, in recent years other measurement instruments have become available that explore the perspective of the student, most notably CARTS and SPARTS. Advances in the study of the teacher-student relationship as a bond with important implications for the development of children in the primary education stage are discussed.     

Examining the role of attachment in the relationship between childhood adversity,psychological distress and subjective well-being

Childhood adversity is associated with a wide range of detrimental psychological consequences. This study examined the mediating role of relationship-specific attachment (avoidance and anxiety) in the associations between childhood adversity and both psychological distress and subjective well-being. University students (N = 190) across the Republic of Ireland completed self-report measures including the Adverse Childhood Experiences scale, Experiences in Close Relationships − Relationship Structures scale, Depression Anxiety and Stress scales and measures of subjective well-being. One hundred and twenty-eight participants (67.4%) reported experiencing at least one adverse childhood experience. Childhood adversity was associated with symptoms of psychological distress and subjective well-being. All such associations were mediated by certain relationship-specific attachment dimensions. Of these, attachment anxiety in general relationships was the most prominent mediator for both psychological distress and subjective well-being. Attachment to one’s father and to one’s romantic partner did not mediate any association. These findings indicate that attachment, in particular relationships, is an important factor in the associations between childhood adversity and both psychological distress and subjective well-being as an adult. One’s attachment anxiety in general relationships is particularly important in these associations. Therapeutic interventions addressing these attachment domains may offset the detrimental effects of childhood adversity. Future research is required using a longitudinal design.