Sex differences in exercise and drug addiction: A mini review of animal studies

Growing literature has demonstrated that exercise may be an effective prevention and treatment option for drug addiction. In the past few years, many studies have suggested that there were sex differences in all phases of drug addiction. However, very limited research has investigated sex differences in the effectiveness of exercise intervention in drug addiction and rehabilitation. In this mini review, we summarize the effect of sex on the results of using exercise to prevent and treat drug addiction. The studies we consider span various animal models and use multiple types of exercise to examine the effectiveness of exercise on the neurobiological mechanism of exercise rehabilitation. We believe that exercise as an adjuvant intervention strategy can be applied better in drug addiction prevention and recovery.     

Communication Channel,Sex, and the Immediate and Longitudinal Outcomes of Verbal Person-centered Support

This study extended research on verbal person-centered (VPC) support by studying VPC in conversations, examining perceptions of support providers and receivers, testing the influence of different communication channels, and evaluating longitudinal outcomes. Two hundred fifty-five dyads composed either of two men, two women, or one man and one woman interacted in a laboratory wherein channel and level of VPC were manipulated. Evaluations of support were gathered from support providers and recipients, and recipients also reported outcomes three weeks later. Perceptions of support differed between channels, such that men providing high VPC support were evaluated more positively when using CMC, and women communicating low VPC support were evaluated more negatively online. Effects of level of VPC, channel, and provider's sex on receivers' outcomes persisted three weeks later.     

女权战士与推石者——从《第二性》和《金色笔记》看波伏娃和莱辛的女性主义思想

《第二性》和《金色笔记》的问世不可避免地将波伏娃和莱辛与女性主义紧密联系起来。评论界都注意到波伏娃和莱辛对女性问题的共同关注以及她们各自对女性主义运动的重要影响,然而却忽视了波伏娃和莱辛在各自作品中所传达的女性主义思想的差别。她们不同的女性主义思想维度源自她们对女性生存和女性出路的不同视角,而这一点恰恰是导致她们后期对女性主义运动持不同态度的关键。了解这一点,不仅会使我们清晰地看到女性主义运动的发展和变化轨迹,也给予我们对女性主义发展前景的巨大启示。     

Time pressure: An unexamined issue in organizational newcomers' role development

Although the impact of time pressure on integrative problem solving has been widely explored in traditional negotiation research, little attention has been paid to its effect as organizational newcomers negotiate and coordinate work role expectations with supervisors. This study examines the effect of time pressure on three integrative communication dimensions of supervisory role negotiations: directness, elaboration, and mutual concessions. One hundred seventy employed college undergraduates completed survey items pertaining to recalled supervisory discussions of role expectations. Consistent with the hypotheses, time pressure had a significant positive effect on each of the communicative dimensions of the recalled negotiation.     

Sex and language variation

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Social–Sexual Interactions? Meta-Analyses of Sex Differences in Perceptions of Flirtatiousness,Seductiveness, and Promiscuousness

Scholars have assessed the degree to which heterosexual men and women make differential judgments of flirtatiousness, seductiveness, and promiscuousness during cross-sex interactions. Findings from extant research suggest that men decode verbal and nonverbal communication cues differently than do women, and this difference results in men's tendency to rate individuals more highly in levels of these social–sexual constructs than do women. This paper reports the results of three meta-analyses that provided estimates of the magnitude of the sex differences in perceptions of flirtatiousness, seductiveness, and promiscuousness and argues that these results are consistent with error management theory. Sex of target and mode of observation interacted to impact observed sex differences. Sex differences were strongest for female targets when research participants were observers of face-to-face interactions (average r=.32), whereas sex differences in evaluations of flirtatiousness, seductiveness, and promiscuousness were strongest for participants who were rating male targets in face-to-face interactions (average r=.36). The implications of these results are discussed.     

论阿诗玛悲剧的成因——女性主义视角下的彝族叙事长诗《阿诗玛》

女性主义的价值立场使其获得了重新认识世界、重新定位各种传统价值观念的一个新的尺度。女性主义文学批评的一个重要成就表现在对传统经典文本的重新解读上,并在解读中重塑自我。对《阿诗玛》的重新解读为我们重新认识《阿诗玛》这个彝族文化中最为经典的文本提供了一个其他任何批评理论都无法代替的新视角。这部叙事长诗通过阿诗玛的命运,探索了彝族女性对自由的渴望,揭露了男权主义长期以来对妇女的压制,由此折射出彝族妇女艰难曲折地反抗命运、勇敢地走出父权制笼罩的阴影,走向主体性自我的艰难过程。     

郭店楚简《性自命出》美学思想再探

郭店楚简《性自命出》认为“情”产生于外物对“性”的刺激,而“性”又是天赋的,这就给“情”的产生找到了一个哲学根据——“天”。但如果“情”不受到节制,就会给人带来巨大的灾害,依此创作出的艺术作品也不符合“礼”,所以《性自命出》要求艺术家必须以“礼”节情。另外,《性自命出》认为不同的“物”刺激相同的“性”会产生不同的“情”。因此,不同地域、时代、环境等的人会具有不同的审美爱好或倾向,因为审美活动需要情感的催使,情感始终伴随着审美活动。     

共同犯罪认识错误疑难问题的思考

共同犯罪认识错误,可分为在同一共犯形式内的错误与在不同共犯形式间的错误两种基本情况。前者以共同正犯的错误为例,宜坚持法定符合说为基本处理原则;后者的处理较为复杂,以教唆犯与帮助犯之间的错误为例,以教唆故意实现帮助效果的,宜认定为教唆犯未遂,以帮助故意实现教唆效果的,宜认定为帮助犯。     

The functional approach to presidential television spots: Acclaiming,attacking, defending 1952–2000

This study examined the impact that instructional technology use, course design, and instructor and student sex differences have on students’ initial perceptions of affect toward the course and the instructor. Participants included 864 students who were randomly assigned to read one of 16 scenarios that manipulated the amount of instructional technology use across two types of courses with either male or female instructors. A factorial analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for technology use on students’ initial affect, as well as a significant two‐way interaction effect of technology use by student sex. Planned cell comparisons revealed that technology use has primarily a curvilinear effect, whereby students in the minimal and moderate technology use conditions reported higher levels of initial affect than students in the no technology and complete technology conditions. For the two‐way interaction effect, planned cell comparisons revealed that female students reported higher levels of affect as the amount of technology use increased from minimal to moderate amounts of use, whereas male students reported lower levels of affect across the same two conditions. Overall, the results highlight the importance of using instructional technology within a framework of pedagogical methods designed to achieve specific instructional objectives.