Caregiver parenting and gender attitudes: Associations with violence against adolescent girls in South Kivu,Democratic Republic of Congo

Violence against adolescent girls occurs at alarmingly high rates in conflict-affected settings, in part due to their increased vulnerability from their age and gender. However, humanitarian programming efforts have historically focused either on child abuse prevention or intimate partner violence prevention and have not fully addressed the specific needs of adolescent girls, including engagement of caregivers to reduce risk of violence against adolescent girls. Thus, the objectives of this analysis are to examine the whether gendered and parental attitudes of caregivers in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were associated with their adolescent girls’ experiences of violence and girls’ attitudes towards IPV. Cross-sectional data from 869 girls (10–14 years) and their caregivers (n = 764) were drawn from a baseline assessment of a violence prevention evaluation conducted in 2015. Findings suggest that female caregiver’s gender equitable attitudes for adults may be associated with reduced odds of sexual abuse and less acceptance of IPV for adolescent girl children. Parenting attitudes and beliefs and gender equity for girl children were not associated with violence risk for girls, while increased accepting attitudes of negative discipline were only associated with lowered odds of sexual abuse. Understanding of caregivers’ attitudes may provide potential insight into how to more effectively engage and develop programming for caregivers to promote the safety and well-being of adolescent girls.     

Dissociation mediates the relationship between sexual abuse and child psychological difficulties

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, using structural equation modeling, a theoretical model in which dissociation is a core process mediating the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and internalizing, externalizing, and sexualized behaviour difficulties in children. A total of 290 children aged 2–12 participated in this study in Québec, Canada from 1998 to 2004, including 138 children with histories of CSA and 152 non-abused children. To assess child dissociative symptoms, internalizing and externalizing difficulties, as well as sexualized behaviour difficulties, the Child Dissociative Checklist, the Child Behaviour Checklist and the Child Sexualized Behaviour Inventory were completed by parents. Dissociation mediated the relationship between CSA and internalizing, externalizing, and sexualized behaviour difficulties, with the model explaining respectively 42.5%, 49.9% and 33.9% of the variance of these difficulties. Findings are consistent with a model where dissociation is a common pathway linking CSA and child psycho-sexual difficulties.     

A new age for child protection--General Comment 13: why it is important, how it was constructed, and what it intends?

Children continue to be subjected to high levels of violence (i.e., physical, psychological and sexual maltreatment) throughout the world. International concern about violence against children has increased significantly during the last decade. A Study on Violence Against Children, encouraged by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations Secretary General and reported in 2006, has become a rallying call to improve child protection. Child protection practices and systems have been judged to be generally inadequate and, in some cases, destructive. It is widely recognized that business as usual—more of the same—will not do. A General Comment (guide to fulfilling obligations) for Article 19, the central conceptualization of child protection of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, has the potential to promote a worldwide reformulation of child protection priorities, policies, and practices by virtue of the infusion of a child rights approach. It can be a mechanism for framing and promoting the transformational change needed – for a genuine paradigm shift. Here, explication is given for the historical context, rationale, centrality of child rights, process of development, holistic nature, and primary elements of General Comment 13 (GC13): The child's right to freedom from all forms of violence. GC13 embodies and champions a child rights approach to child protection entailing strong support for proactive primary prevention, promotion of good child care, and a commitment to secure the rights and well-being of all children. A child rights-based, comprehensive coordinating framework is recommended for the implementation of GC13.     

Vaginal lacerations from consensual intercourse in adolescents

Objective

(1) To describe lacerations of the vaginal fornices, an injury known to be associated with consensual sexual intercourse, including known complications and treatment course, (2) to contrast these injuries with injuries sustained during sexual assault, and (3) to discuss the assessment of adolescent patients for sexual injuries.

Methods

We present a case series of 4 female adolescent patients seen at a children's hospital over a period of 6 months. Each patient developed significant vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse, and 3 of the patients presented to the emergency department with vital signs consistent with compensated shock.

Results

Each patient was evaluated by pediatric surgery, and found to have a laceration of the vagina. Three of the patients described consensual intercourse prior to the onset of bleeding, and had lacerations of the vaginal fornices; these patients were determined to have injuries resulting from consensual sexual intercourse. The fourth patient reported sexual assault as the cause of her injuries, and was treated for longitudinal lacerations of the vaginal wall.

Conclusions

Lacerations of the upper vagina are not frequently reported in forced vaginal intercourse, but are occasionally reported as injuries sustained during consensual coitus. In the absence of reported sexual assault, a severe vaginal fornix laceration is consistent with the diagnosis of coital injury from consensual intercourse. Diagnosis and treatment of this injury can be delayed due to the sensitive nature of these injuries. Bleeding can be profuse, leading to hemorrhagic shock, and these injuries may require transfusion of blood products and surgical repair in some cases. Complications may include hemoperitoneum, pneumoperitoneum, or retroperitoneal hematoma, even in the absence of complete vaginal perforation.

Practice implications

Knowledge of the consensual sexual injuries that may occur in adolescent patients can guide diagnosis, treatment, and counseling for the patient and her family, preventing long-term medical complications and legal consequences.     

论晚清文龙评批《金瓶梅》的新策略与新识见

文龙的《金瓶梅》评点呈现出不同于前人的新面目,原因是他采用了新的阅读策略。面对张竹坡评点,他故意反其道而读之,维护月娘、痛诋玉楼、春梅,同时提出批书者要具备客观的态度,评书时要务求＂真＂、＂细＂,不能做酒醉雷公;面对性描写,他跳开传统的解读方式,把批评重心放在读者身上,提出了观此书可止淫的说法,其阅读分级标准也值得参考;面对末十回,他发现了与前九十回的艺术水平差距,据此提出作者可能江郎才尽的判断,对此,刘辉的理解不准确。     

用相关性原则甄别科技论文中的数据错误

数据图表等是科技论文的基石,但因作者经验、时间、不严谨等原因而导致错误时有发生,对论文学术质量造成了影响。编辑运用科技编辑方法论中的相关性原则,凭借丰富的经验和直觉可以发现并改正此类错误。     

基于“二评”机制的企业网上信任危机识别研究

互联网的发展与应用,企业网上信任危机成为企业的一种常态。危机识别是企业网上信任危机预警的关键,信任危机预兆信息包括事实类信息和谣言类信息,可采用二评机制来实现危机识别。一评阶段和二评阶段的目的不一样,各阶段构建的评价指标分别是针对事实类信息的真实性评价和针对谣言类信息的影响力评价。文章还分析了基于二评机制网上信任危机识别的运作流程,包括警源收集、数据处理、数据评价和警度预报。     

“恶溪”考辨

海内"恶溪"知名者有三:浙南处州的恶溪,为恶最甚,时间又长,最早出恶名。后经治理,变成好溪;浙东台州的恶溪,为害较小,时间亦短,故恶名不大。后经治理,变恶为善;岭南潮州的恶溪,因有鳄鱼而畜产尽、民以穷。中唐驱鳄后,遂无祸患,改名意溪。史志与诗赋多涉及恶溪,所指各异,解读时须加甄别。     

Feminine Consciousness—From the perspective of Gender Markedness

Some researches have been conducted concerning the Markedness Theory about the marked and the unmarked, from aspects of Phonetics, Grammar, Pragmatic, Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic. Few researches have combined the Markedness Theory with literature theories and even no research has been done to study the Feminism Theory from the perspective of the Markedness Theory. This paper discusses markedness theory with regard to two basic issues: Why it is ok to say"历史"in Chinese, but the equivalent in English is"history", not"*herstory". Why the meaning of"governor"and"governess"is distinctively different? No research concerning the issues from the perspective of markedness has been conducted yet. This paper gives a brief review of the studies concerning the Markedness Theory, on the basis of which the question is aroused.