“发乎情,止乎礼义”——先秦儒家“食色”观述略以及陶渊明的形象表达

＂饮食男女＂是当今社会普遍喜谈的话题,也是我国古代儒家十分重视的问题。先秦儒学从来没有否定过男女之间性爱需求的合理存在性,只不过他们把人的这一需求定位于生物学层次而已。与此同时,先秦儒学还提倡用德行礼教来规范、节制＂食色＂,使其不至于放任自流。《毛诗序》所谓＂发乎情,止乎礼义＂就是传统儒家＂食色＂观的精炼表述。陶渊明《闲情赋》则是传统儒家＂食色＂观的形象体现。     

一类新的具脉冲出生单种群动力学模型分析

讨论了一类新的具脉冲出生的单种群动力学模型,利用离散动力系统频闪映射理论,得到了种群持续生存的充分条件．结论刻画了现实的生物种群动力学性质,也丰富了脉冲微分方程理论．     

数字化校园中单点登录系统的实现

单点登录指用户通过一次认证和授权的操作就可以访问权限下的所有应用系统。随着越来越多的应用系统加入到校园网络中,出现了如系统管理分散、使用效率低下、用户登录重复等问题。本文针对广播电视大学数字化校园建设中遇到的这些问题,给出了一种安全有效的单点登录解决方案。     

从起点到终点的轮回——对鲁迅小说《伤逝》的另外解读

从《伤逝》的传统理解、鲁迅的失败和绝望等方面对作品进行新的解读。鲁迅的深刻和鲁迅最吸引入的地方,在于他对失败和失败者身份深入骨髓的体验。     

当代大学生的性现状研究

面对当前大学生呈现的各种性问题,可从生理、心理和社会等多个角度进行研究,从中揭示性的伦理学意义。对于发生在大学生身上的性问题,我们的态度应该是教育和引导,而不是逃避和漠视。     

山西省高校新聘专任教师队伍结构探析

近五年,山西省高校新聘专任教师队伍与以前相比,在性别比例、学历层次、学科比例等方面发生了一些新变化。本文以山西省高校教师岗前培训所获取的第一手统计数据为依据,着重对这些变化及其背后的动因进行阐述和探讨,并结合山西经济社会发展实际,提出了一些建设性的解决方案。     

从社会调查看民国时期华北地区的人口状况

从李景汉和当时其他学者的调查入手,考察华北地区人口的性别比例和增长类型,从而引出对人地关系的探讨,并且以后者为重点。同时,从人地关系的分析中,还可以得知农民并非是一个愚昧、落后的群体,他们对农业生产、日常生活的安排都是有一定合理性的,在他们的生活中潜藏着一种朴素的智慧。     

Coeducational and single-sex physical education: students’ situational interest in learning tasks centred on technical skills

Background: A student’s choice to engage in a learning task is highly related to the student’s environmental stimuli and his or her perception of interest. From this perspective, the construct of situational interest (SI) has been used to interpret students’ motivation in task engagement. SI is assumed to be transitory, environmentally activated, and context specific. It has been conceptualized as a multidimensional construct with five dimensions: instant enjoyment, exploration intention, attention demand, novelty, and challenge. Few prior studies have compared SI between girls and boys in physical education (PE) contexts, and these studies have offered contrasting findings. They were conducted in coeducational (coed) or single-sex contexts and used learning tasks centred on a variety of outcomes: technical or tactical skills, creativity and cultural understanding.

Purpose: In the context of the debate on single-sex and coed classes in PE, this study aimed to estimate the effects of single-sex and coed PE classes on students’ situational interest (SI) within learning tasks centred on technical skills. The researchers decided to study learning tasks centred on the development of students’ technical skills, since these tasks are often used by teachers in PE.

Participants: The sample consisted of 177 Swiss secondary school students, aged 11–17 years (M?=?14.07, SD?=?1.41, 96 boys, 81 girls).

Data collection: The students completed the French 15-item SI Scale after practising a technical learning task in single-sex and coed PE contexts. The researchers chose five physical activities (i.e. athletics, basketball, dance, gymnastics, and volleyball), which are commonly taught in the state of Vaud (Switzerland) and provide a balance between masculine and feminine activities.

Data analysis: A two-way repeated-measures MANOVA was performed to examine the main and interaction effects of student sex and class sex composition on the five SI dimensions.

Findings: The results showed a main effect of class sex composition on student SI but no main effect of student sex and no interaction effect of student sex and class sex composition. More precisely, the scores for three SI dimensions (i.e. instant enjoyment, exploration intention, and attention demand) were higher in the coed context than in the single-sex context.

Conclusions: This study encourages teachers to propose coed PE classes to enhance students’ motivation and engagement when practising learning tasks centred on technical skills. This study offers supplementary evidence of the teacher’s role in promoting student SI. Beyond accounting for students’ dispositional factors (e.g. sex), PE teachers can significantly impact students’ SI in technical learning tasks through instructional choices.     

Changes in kinematics and arm–leg coordination during a 100-m breaststroke swim

The purpose of this study was to compare arm–leg coordination and kinematics during 100 m breaststroke in 26 (8 female; 18 male) specialist breaststroke swimmers. Laps were recorded using three 50-Hz underwater cameras. Heart rate and blood lactate were measured pre- and post-swim. Arm–leg coordination was defined using coordination phases describing continuity between recovery and propulsive phases of upper and lower limbs: coordination phase 1 (time between end of leg kick and start of the arm pull phases); and coordination phase 2 (time between end of arm pull and start of leg kick phases). Duration of stroke phases, coordination phases, swim velocity, stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and stroke index (SI) were analysed during the last three strokes of each lap that were unaffected by turning or finishing. Significant changes in velocity, SI and SL (P < 0.05) were found between laps. Both sexes showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in heart rate and blood lactate pre- to post-swim. Males had significantly (P < 0.01) faster swim velocities resulting from longer SLs (P = 0.016) with no difference in SR (P = 0.064). Sex differences in kinematic parameters can be explained by anthropometric differences providing males with increased propelling efficiency.     

Age and sex influences on running mechanics and coordination variability

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of age on running mechanics separately for male and female runners and to quantify sex differences in running mechanics and coordination variability for older runners. Kinematics and kinetics were captured for 20 younger (10 male) and 20 older (10 male) adults running overground at 3.5 m · s^?1. A modified vector coding technique was used to calculate segment coordination variability. Lower extremity joint angles, moments and segment coordination variability were compared between age and sex groups. Significant sex–age interaction effects were found for heel-strike hip flexion and ankle in/eversion angles and peak ankle dorsiflexion angle. In older adults, mid-stance knee flexion angle, ankle inversion and abduction moments and hip abduction and external rotation moments differed by sex. Older compared with younger females had reduced coordination variability in the thigh–shank transverse plane couple but greater coordination variability for the shank rotation–foot eversion couple in early stance. These results suggest there may be a non-equivalent aging process in the movement mechanics for males and females. The age and sex differences in running mechanics and coordination variability highlight the need for sex-based analyses for future studies examining injury risk with age.