Sex,sport and money: voice,choice and distributive justice in England,Scotland and Wales

The three British Sports Councils are instrumental in developing the policy landscape for sport and physical education (PE). They aspire to equality between the sexes in ‘sport and physical recreation’ (SPR), in keeping with their Royal Charters [Sport England. (1996/2009). Royal Charter of English Sports Council (Sport England). Retrieved from https://www.sportengland.org/media/10309/consolidated-royal-charter.pdf; Sport Scotland. (1996). The Royal Charter for the Scottish Sports Council. Retrieved from http://www.sportscotland.org.uk/sportscotland/Documents/Resources/sportscotlandRoyalCharter.pdf; Sport Wales. (1997). The Royal Charter of the Sports Council for Wales. Retrieved from http://sport.wales/media/128780/royal%20charter.doc] and the Equality Act [HM Government. (2010). Equality Act 2010. London: TSO. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/pdfs/ukpga_20100015_en.pdf]. As public bodies they are committed to eliminating direct and indirect discrimination in provision, and advancing equality. One of their main functions is the distribution of public money, and all collect participation data detailing the different SPR choices of the sexes. These are primary planning tools in the three home countries. This paper investigates whether equality in relation to sex is considered a ‘first-order’ question of distributive justice for the Councils. Therefore, the funding awarded to the top SPR preferences by sex for each Country is presented. Defining SPR determines eligibility for funding and the boundaries of the SPR infrastructure which influences and interfaces with sport, school sport and PE. Consequently, critical feminist political and economic theory is used to evaluate the Councils’ framing of SPR and equality in relation to sex. Male preferences are disproportionately grant-aided leaving those of females significantly under-funded. Although the remit of the Councils is ‘sport and physical recreation’ this is usually reframed by them as ‘sport’. Equality is generally considered a second-order question of justice, and outsourced to national governing bodies of sport. Further dance, one of the most popular female SPR activities for girls, has not, until 2016, been designated as SPR in England and has been ineligible for funding. These policies suggest indirect discrimination against women and girls who disproportionately prefer physical recreation and dance to competitive sport. Therefore, the Sports Councils and/or overarching government departments may not be fulfilling their legal requirements under the Equality Act.     

《莫雷尔法案》的颁布及其对美国农业现代化进程的影响

美国国会1862年颁布的《莫雷尔法案》，是美国高等教育史上最重要的教育法令之一。该法案的主要内容为：联邦政府无偿向各州赠拨一定数额的土地，各州须以此土地出售所得资金为资本，开办以讲授农业和机械制造工艺知识为主的专门学院，以满足平民子弟接受高等教育的要求，为产业界培养实用技术人才，进而推动美国经济的发展。《莫雷尔法案》及其随后相关法令的颁布实施，促进了美国农业高等职业技术教育的大发展，为美国农业发展提供了人才保障和智力支持，促进了美国农业经济的飞速发展。     

美国早期反托拉斯运动的政治逻辑

反托拉斯运动是美国进入工业化时代后,抵制产业垄断,并对新政治平衡模式进行探索的经济和政治活动。在反托拉斯立法大讨论中诞生的新自由观念和政治模式成为现代美国资本主义的标志。     

论塞尔的间接言语行为理论及语言哲学观

言语行为理论由奥斯汀提出,经塞尔的完善与发展,已成为哲学、语言学的重要研究课题,更是现代语用学的核心内容之一。塞尔的间接言语行为理论从使用和交际的角度研究语言的意义,为认识言外之力的本质提供了独到的解释方法。塞尔关注语言和心智的关系,认为意义必须联系存在于言语行为中的意向性来解释。探讨了塞尔的间接言语行为及其所蕴含的语言哲学观。     

论NCLB法案以来美国教育行政管理体制的改革趋势

随着对教育公平和教育质量的诉求不断深入,美国传统的基础教育管理体制近年来也不断重构,以适应教育改革的需要。如今,联邦已通过推进问责和评价机制以及增加教育拨款,主导了教育改革的方向与进程;各州通过建立和推行州内的问责体制、学术标准和评价体系,其教育决策权和管理权得到了极大扩张;学校获得了更多的灵活性和自主权来优化课程与教学;而学区却向辅助性、支援性的角色蜕变。由NCLB法案确立并广泛施行的问责和评价机制,是导致上述体制变革的直接原因。     

关于土壤污染防治的立法思考

我国土壤污染问题存在已久,并且持续恶化,已经引发了一系列社会、经济问题。目前我国土壤污染形势非常严峻,这与现有相关法律法规政策没有发挥应有的作用是密不可分的,现行规定具有指导性较弱、执法主体混乱以及强制力不高的缺陷。鉴于这一系列问题,制定《土壤污染防治法》有重要的生态意义、战略意义和经济意义。在详细分析之后,笔者认为正在制定中的《土壤污染防治法》应当为法律的形式,并且应该包含预防为主、政府主导与公众参与、完善监测制度、罚金原则等。     

美国贸易保护主义的新特点:汇率问题贸易化——以美国2011《货币汇率监督改革法案》为视角

美国参议院2011年10月通过《货币汇率监督改革法案》(以下称"S.1619法案"),法案的最大特点是将汇率问题贸易化,试图通过修改国内立法采取反补贴的贸易措施对中国输美产品征税。法案规定的根本性低估货币行为是否构成《SCM协定》中的出口补贴,是中美争论的核心所在。根据WTO的相关规定和案例,美国将汇率问题贸易化的做法,与WTO倡导的公平贸易原则背道而驰,不但达不到平衡中美贸易的目的,反而可能引致国际贸易争端,构成新的贸易壁垒。文章对此分析,并提出我国应对策略。     

浅析《公司法》修改后的公司治理结构

我国《公司法》虽几经修改,但有关调整公司治理结构的法律规范仍有诸多不足,应从以下几方面加以完善：推动企业产权主体的多元化;推进政府与企业的实质分开;发挥＂新三会＂与＂老三会＂的作用;完善职业经理人制度;完善授权经营的国有资产制度。     

Chapter 2. Governing Policies for Interlibrary Loan

Abstract

ILL activity is governed by local, state, and national agreements and codes. Chapter 2 discusses the importance of national and statewide ILL codes of conduct, and also covers laws and regulations (confidentiality, the PATRIOT Act, HIPAA) germane to interlibrary loan.     

Understanding Copyright Law for Slavic,East European,and Eurasian Materials

ABSTRACT

In the last decade the issue of copyright has become more complex for Slavic and East European librarians for a number of reasons. Technological advances have led to new forms of publication and new options for document distribution, and have also had a major impact on intellectual property law in the U.S. and abroad. As the technical means for copying and distributing materials in various formats have increased, and as electronic resources comprise a steadily increasing proportion of the material used in libraries, copyright law has become more integral to the work of librarians. In the background of technological progress, the newly independent states which emerged after the dissolution of Communism have all adopted new copyright laws within the context of global developments in intellectual property legislation. This paper provides a context for copyright as it relates to the work of Slavic and East European librarians in the U.S., by offering a framework for understanding the main issues surrounding copyright and a method for approaching questions related to copyright protection of library materials. The emphasis of this article is on use by U.S. libraries of textual material created or published in Slavic and East European countries.