Sex,urban/rural and minority differences in educational attainment in Soviet and post-Soviet Tajikistan

This paper analyses the educational attainment of Tajikistani adults born between 1947 and 1989. Adults in the oldest cohorts completed school during the educational expansion of the Soviet period and the youngest cohorts completed their education in the post-Soviet period, which was marked by educational contraction. To date, there is not a clear picture of attainment trends during the Soviet period that provide a perspective for judging educational attainment in the post-Soviet period. Using household survey data collected in 2007 by the World Bank, I conduct a synthetic cohort analysis to estimate the likelihood of completing basic, secondary and higher education for men and women; urban and rural residents and ethnic majority and minority citizens. Findings for particular groups are mixed, but in general the gap in educational attainment between advantaged groups and disadvantaged groups narrows during the Soviet era, but widens in the post-Soviet period.     

如何再续“冰雪奇缘”?——北京冬奥会后期效应与东北冰雪产业振兴的理论逻辑及实践路径

基于社会学视角,从事件-过程的系统性考察和行动主体视角出发对北京冬奥会后期效应与东北冰雪产业振兴逻辑进行分析。研究认为:(1)北京冬奥会期间,基于国家的政策制定、组织实践与个体的政策认知、文化表达和价值认同的高度一致性,民众实现了在认知、行为和意义层面上的冰雪文化启蒙。后冬奥时代,兴趣与动机激励是实现从具身体验到惯习行为的关键。以冰雪参与旅游为主体的消费阶层的培育和形成,是冰雪文化产业走向成熟、稳定的标志。(2)由媒介营造的奥运喧嚣视觉景观,促使冠军和金牌经历了解码和编码的再生产过程,喧嚣过后,后冬奥时代集体意识与个体认知的秩序将面临重建。平衡集体意识创造出来的物质世界,使“网红”变为“长红”将是赓续冬奥效应的关键。(3)东北所拥有的资源、人才和区域优势为纾解北京冬奥会的后续效应提供了可能,由于冰雪文化的参与存在社会阶层和经济资本等价值属性,因此在个体参与的行为选择上呈现出“选择性亲和”和“选择性疏离”的理论指向。(4)深耕冰雪旅游的内容与产品,实现冰雪旅游产业的优化供给,建立以冰雪旅游产业作为重要产业工具的治理模式,实现“旅游+”的发展,是后冬奥时代发展东北冰雪旅游产业的关键。需要我们从本质上构建文化涵养制度、制度决定观念、观念体现价值、价值决定行为的逻辑递进和循环关系。     

Putting working-class mothers in their place: social stratification,the field of education,and Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice

This article explores how a small sample of working-class mothers encounters the field of education. In the management of family and their children's schooling, mothers bring to bear and replicate ways of knowing that are embodied, are historical and that offer many-sided insights into profoundly stratified societies. Here I draw on Bourdieu's theory of practice as a heuristic device and focus only on the field while leaving in suspension his other conceptual arsenal. Bourdieu argued that understanding the social space in which interactions occur is pivotal, characterised as it is by ‘permanent relationships of inequality'. This study shows that mothers bring to the field their embodied history, their habituated practice, and their access to capitals. The women I interviewed know the precariousness of how they occupy the field of schooling, negotiated through a matrix of intersected positionings and classifications that are embodied.     

马克思“中间阶层”思想的当代解读

马克思的中间阶层思想是马克思主义理论的重要组成部分。深入研究马克思的中间阶层思想,对于正确认识和把握当代中国的阶层关系及其变化趋势、推进社会主义和谐社会建设具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

西部地区人力资本分层的经济增长效应分析

在有效劳动模型的框架内,基于人力资本内生增长的研究视角,对人力资本的身体素质、脑力素质及其二者共同形成的综合人力资本三者之间的关系进行了分析,在此基础上,实证研究了西部地区经济增长与综合人力资本的关系。结果表明,虽然各省区物质资本投入对经济增长的影响力最强,但人力资本的身体素质、脑力素质、综合人力资本对经济增长的作用也都较为明显,而且三者对经济增长的影响力有相似的趋势,但身体素质的影响力相对较弱,它对综合人力资本有"稀释"作用。     

中国科学技术期刊的学术分层机制

 学术性科学技术期刊在学术维度上的分层是一种客观现象,高质稿源集中流向少数期刊是出现学术分层现象的根本原因。核心期刊遴选的周期性具有重要的意义,它使期刊的层内和层际流动成为可能,大幅度地提高了期刊界的开放程度。然而,也正是因为管理制度对期刊级别的强调,造成中国许多优秀的论文流向国外期刊,从而导致中国学术性科学技术期刊陷入了提高国际地位的困境。     

论社会分层的功能及社会冲突

人类最初的社会分层以人的素质差异为基础,社会以分层结构方式存在具有二项基本功能,(1)有利于人类更好地适应环境,(2)为人的进取精神提供了一个表达机制.社会冲突的根源在于人的进取精神与社会分层结构还存在着矛盾的一面,二者很难完全整合.     

家庭背景对高等教育数量和质量获得的影响——社会分层的视角

本文利用2002年北京师范大学"大学毕业生就业意向与就业行为"课题组的调查数据,在中国高等教育逐渐进入大众化阶段的背景下,考察父母亲的教育背景对子女在高等教育阶段教育数量和质量获得方面的影响。实证结果发现,整体而言,父母亲的教育背景对于子女接受高等教育的层次与质量仍然有显著的促进作用,社会分层导致的教育差异依然存在于实施严格选拔的高等教育系统中。     

关于体育在当前中国社会分层过程中作用之剖析

经济体制的转轨和现代化进程的推进促使中国社会阶层发生了分化,体育作为我国社会生活中的重要内容,它在当前我国社会阶层分化过程中发挥了重要的作用。体育职业化改革和市场化的推进使得在体育从业群体中形成了不同的获益群体,体育不仅为职业体育从业者创造了向更高社会阶层流动的机会,而且使得益于职业体育发展的体育明星能够迅速步入社会上层。对于广大体育参与者而言,通过体育锻炼可以强身健体、增进健康,体育成为了诸多社会阶层维持现有阶层状况的重要保障。而逐年不断递增的退役待安置运动员则是体育改革过程中利益相对受损群体,竞技体育的高淘汰率和高风险性成为体育专业运动员步入社会贫困阶层的重要诱因。     

Schooling as a positional good: the Brazilian metropolitan regions in recent decades

In this article, I aim to determine whether, in view of the trend of educational expansion in recent decades in Brazil, the role played by schooling in the labor market of Brazilian major metropolitan regions has changed, becoming positional rather than absolute. To this end, I analyze the influence of schooling on people’s income and occupational status. Based on data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD-IBGE) for years 1995, 2005 and 2015, I compare ordinary least squares models that use absolute and positional measures of schooling. The results show that the explanatory power is greater for positional measures than for absolute ones, and that this advantage has increased over recent decades. As a result, it is argued that although educational expansion possibly makes the chances of access to a certain absolute schooling level less unequal, it also ends up undermining the opportunity structure related to it.