Indicators for complex innovation systems

Performance indicators such as national wealth (GDP per capita), R&D intensity (GERD/GDP) and scientific impact (citations/paper) are used to compare innovation systems. These indicators are derived from the ratio of primary measures such as population, GDP, GERD and papers. Frequently they are used to rank members of an innovation system and to inform decision makers. This is illustrated by the European Research Area S&T indicators scoreboard used to compare the performance of member states.A formal study of complex systems has evolved over the past few decades from common observations made by researchers from many fields. Complex systems are dynamic and many of their properties emerge from the interactions among the entities in them. They also have a propensity to exhibit power law or scaling correlations between primary measures used to characterize them.Katz [Katz, J.S., 2000. Scale independent indicators and research assessment. Science and Public Policy 27, 23-36] showed that scientific impact (citations/paper) scales with the size of the group (papers). In this paper it will be shown that two other common measures, R&D intensity and national wealth, scale with the sizes of European countries and Canadian provinces. Some of these scaling correlations are predictable. These findings illustrate that a performance indicator derived from the ratio of two measures may not be properly normalized for size.This paper argues that innovation systems are complex systems. Hence scaling correlations are expected to exist between the primary measures used to characterize them. These scaling correlations can be used to construct scale-independent (scale-adjusted) indicators and models that are truly normalized for size. Scale-independent indicators can more accurately inform decision makers how groups of different sizes contribute to an innovation system. The ranks of member groups of an innovation system by scale-independent indicators can be subtly and profoundly different than the ranks given by conventional indicators. The differences can result in a shift in perspective about the performance of members of an innovation system that has public policy implications.     

Conglomerates as a general framework for informetric research

We introduce conglomerates as a general framework for informetric (and other) research. A conglomerate consists of two collections: a finite source collection and a pool, and two mappings: a source-item map and a magnitude map. The ratio of the sum of all magnitudes of item-sets, and the number of elements in the source collection is called the conglomerate ratio. It is a kind of average, generalizing the notion of an impact factor. The source-item relation of a conglomerate leads to a list of sources ranked according to the magnitude of their corresponding item-sets. This list, called a Zipf list, is the basic ingredient for all considerations related to power laws and Lotkaian or Zipfian informetrics. Examples where this framework applies are: impact factors, including web impact factors, Bradford–Lotka type bibliographies, first-citation studies, word use, diffusion factors, elections and even bestsellers lists.     

贺兰山植物物种资源构成的垂直分异

该文通过建立物种资源数据库 ,分析了贺兰山东坡不同高程段中植物物种资源的构成特征 ,结果表明 :①贺兰山的植物物种多样性有随海拔升高先增加 ,随后又减少的变化趋势。海拔 1 4 0 0m～ 2 2 0 0m是植物物种集中分布的地段 ,海拔 1 80 0m～ 2 0 0 0m高程段内的的物种丰富度最大。②地理成分多样性随海拔高度增加而减少。③海拔 1 2 0 0m以下地段和海拔 30 0 0m以上地段的物种组成与其它各高程段的物种组成相似性较低。④植物物种资源构成特征的垂直分异是其现代生境特征和地史变化共同作用于植物区系的结果。     

智能电力检测仪的系统抗干扰设施研究

为了使智能电力检测仪稳定运行,针对破坏系统正常运行的电网谐波干扰,以及信号传输引起的干扰、系统电源回路的脉冲干扰、空间干扰,采取了相应的硬件和软件抗干扰设施。硬件方面主要有屏蔽浮地技术、接地技术、信号出入端加设RC滤波器、控制器的输入电源采用低通滤波器等技术;软件方面主要有NOP指令、设置自检程序、WATCHDOG、软件陷阱和指令冗余等技术。从而大大提高了智能电力检测仪的系统抗干扰能力,对提高该系统的抗干扰性能有一定的实用价值。     

Participatory research in sport-for-development: Complexities,experiences and (missed) opportunities

In this paper, the authors examine how participatory research can be conceptualized and fostered in sport-for-development (SfD). The authors offer a conceptualization of participatory research that centers on the interplay between three dimensions: participation, power, and reflexivity. Drawing on variegated experiences with SfD research across different geographical locations, the authors scrutinize the conceptual and empirical linkages between these dimensions, and how these linkages are influenced by structures of authority. Findings suggest that most SfD research falls short with regard to the critical challenge of embracing and delivering high degrees of participation, power shifting, and reflexivity. More specifically, SfD researchers typically fail to relinquish power and control over the research process. The SfD research community would likely benefit from greater inclusivity and collaboration when designing creative ways to improve this state of affairs. The authors conclude by reflecting on the implications and by suggesting ways to promote participatory and activist research in SfD contexts.     

核心企业网络权力、关系承诺与弱势企业绩效——网络权力侵蚀视角

权力治理机制对网络整体效能的提升难以兼顾个体公平性,权力侵蚀削弱弱势企业绩效。基于核心企业权力治理的基本逻辑,将核心企业网络权力划分为结构权力和知识权力,提出关系承诺能够约束核心企业网络权力,从工具性承诺和情感性承诺两维度分析关系承诺对核心企业网络权力与弱势企业绩效的调节效应。采用分层线性模型实证检验结果显示:(1)情感性承诺能够有效约束核心企业网络权力,并正向调节核心企业网络权力对弱势企业绩效的影响;(2)工具性承诺不能有效约束核心企业网络权力,在核心企业网络权力对弱势企业绩效的影响中无调节作用。     

Dealing with non‐normality: an introduction and step‐by‐step guide using R

The article presents some notes on normalization and illustrates these procedures using graphing functions in R. Using real data, the paper also presents an R package and online Shiny app that efficiently transforms variables in large datasets.     

Effects of resisted sprint training on sprinting ability and change of direction speed in professional soccer players

Resisted sprint training consists of performing overloaded sprints, which may produce greater effects than traditional sprint training. We compared a resisted sprint training with overload control versus an unresisted sprint training program on performance in soccer players. Eighteen elite athletes were randomly assigned to resisted (RST) or unresisted sprint training protocol (UR). Before and after a 6-week training period, sprinting ability, change of direction speed (COD), vertical jumps (SJ and CMJ), mean power (MP) and mean propulsive power (MPP) at distinct loads were assessed. Both groups improved sprinting ability at all distances evaluated (5m: UR = 8%, RST = 7%; 10m: UR = 5%, RST = 5%; 15m: UR = 4%, RST = 4%; 20m: UR = 3%, RST = 3%; 25m: UR = 2%, RST = 3%;), COD (UR = 6%; RST = 6%), SJ (UR = 15%; RST = 13%) and CMJ (UR = 15%; RST = 15%). Additionally, both groups increased MP and MPP at all loads evaluated. The between-group magnitude-based inference analysis demonstrated comparable improvement (“trivial” effect) in all variables tested. Finally, our findings support the effectiveness of a short-term training program involving squat jump exercise plus sprinting exercises to improve the performance of soccer players.     

Concurrent validity and reliability of torso-worn inertial measurement unit for jump power and height estimation

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the concurrent validity and test-retest repeatability of torso-worn IMU-derived power and jump height in a counter-movement jump test. Twenty-seven healthy recreationally active males (age, 21.9 [SD 2.0] y, height, 1.76 [0.7] m, mass, 73.7 [10.3] kg) wore an IMU and completed three counter-movement jumps a week apart. A force platform and a 3D motion analysis system were used to concurrently measure the jumps and subsequently derive power and jump height (based on take-off velocity and flight time). The IMU significantly overestimated power (mean difference = 7.3 W/kg; P < 0.001) compared to force-platform-derived power but good correspondence between methods was observed (Intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.69). IMU-derived power exhibited good reliability (ICC = 0.67). Velocity-derived jump heights exhibited poorer concurrent validity (ICC = 0.72 to 0.78) and repeatability (ICC = 0.68) than flight-time-derived jump heights, which exhibited excellent validity (ICC = 0.93 to 0.96) and reliability (ICC = 0.91). Since jump height and power are closely related, and flight-time-derived jump height exhibits excellent concurrent validity and reliability, flight-time-derived jump height could provide a more desirable measure compared to power when assessing athletic performance in a counter-movement jump with IMUs.     

引力波何以成为科学事实——从布尔迪厄的场域来看

引力波探测成功,是大科学时代典型的认知价值与非认知价值因素共同作用的结果。这一事件表明,科学事实之所以得到确立,除了科学家的纯科学资本作为基础外,还要具备以基金资助为符号的经济资本,以社会声望、头衔等为符号的社会资本。当这些非认知性质的资本介入科学研究,就会铸造出一种确定性的象征资本,从而有效推动科学事实的确立,推动科学的发展。