Human activities aggravate nitrogen-deposition pollution to inland water over China

In the past three decades, China has built more than 87 000 dams with a storage capacity of ≈6560 km³ and the total surface area of inland water has increased by 6672 km². Leaching of N from fertilized soils to rivers is the main source of N pollution in China, but the exposure of a growing inland water area to direct atmospheric N deposition and N leaching caused by N deposition on the terrestrial ecosystem, together with increased N deposition and decreased N flow, also tends to raise N concentrations in most inland waters. The contribution of this previously ignored source of  N deposition to freshwaters is estimated in this study, as well as mitigation strategies. The results show that the annual amounts of N depositions ranged from 4.9 to 16.6 kg · ha⁻¹ · yr⁻¹ in the 1990s to exceeding 20 kg · ha⁻¹ · yr⁻¹ in the 2010s over most of regions in China, so the total mass of ΔN (the net contribution of N deposition to the increase in N concentration) for lakes, rivers and reservoirs change from 122.26 Gg N · yr⁻¹ in the 1990s to 237.75 Gg N · yr⁻¹ in the 2010s. It is suggested that reducing the N deposition from various sources, shortening the water-retention time in dams and decreasing the degree of regulation for rivers are three main measures for preventing a continuous increase in the N-deposition pollution to inland water in China.     

Theory and application of system integration for real-time monitoring of core rock-fill dam filling construction quality

The theory and method of system integration for the real-time monitoring of core rock-fill dam filling con- struction quality are studied in this paper. First, the importance analysis of system integration factors is carried out with the analytic hierarchy process. Then, according to the analysis result of integration factors, the conceptual model of system integration is built based on function integration, index integration, technology integration and information integration, the index structure of core rock-fill dam filling construction quality control is constructed and the method of function integration and technology integration is studied. The mathematical model of process monitoring is built according to monitoring objective, process and indexes. Research results have been applied in Nuozhadu core rock-fill dam construction management, realizing system integration through building appropriate monitoring work flow and comprehensive information platform of digital dam.     

Fuzzy earthwork dynamic allocation and optimization for construction of high concrete face Rockfill dam

Due to the complexity of earthwork allocation system for the construction of high concrete face rockfill dam,traditional allocation and planning are not able to function properly in the construction process with strong randomness.In this paper,the working mechanism of earthwork dynamic allocation system is analyzed comprehensively and a solution to fuzzy earthwork dynamic allocation is proposed on the basis of uncertain factors in the earthwork allocation of a hydropower project.Under the premise of actual situation and the experience of the construction site,an all-coefficient-fuzzy linear programming mathematical model with fuzzy parameters and constraints for earthwork allocation is established according to the structure unit weighted ranking criteria.In this way,the deficiency of certain allocation model can be overcome.The application results indicate that the proposed method is more rational compared with traditional earthwork allocation.     

植物坝坝前壅水及对水流流态的影响

通过野外水流试验,研究了植物坝坝前壅水以及对水流流态的影响．结果表明,沟道柔性坝系普遍发生了淤积,引起上游水位壅高,水流流速减小．减缓了沟道土壤水分蒸发,增大土壤入渗,达到拦沙保水的目的．     

某高拱坝开设大表孔对拱坝应力分布的影响研究

基于三维有限元计算软件ANSYS对某一高145 m的混凝土双曲拱坝进行开设大表孔与不开设表孔方案的计算对比分析,通过分析得出,高拱坝坝顶开设表孔对坝体应力的影响是局部的,主要集中在孔口周边,而对坝体下部几乎没有影响。最后,总结规律,希望为拱坝结构设计及体形优化提供参考。     

拦渣围堰墙防洪作用

拦渣围堰是指修建于平地或河滩等较为平坦的地面上,用以排放建设项目基建与生产过程中排放的固体废弃物的一种封闭的拦挡建筑物。     

有限元法在拱坝变形稳定计算中的应用

以乌江枸皮滩水电站高拱坝为实例,把坝基与拱座岩体中地质缺陷作为研究对象,根据拱坝应力影响范围内的地质缺陷分布情况,通过非线性有限元法计算地质缺陷对大坝变形影响程度.     

在我国中、北部沿海再造香港的四大工程

本文论述了再造香港的四大工程,其中有两个是规模空前的围海造陆(湖)超级工程,另外两个则是兼有行车和输水功能的跨海通道工程。这四大工程的效益：1．为在长江口－－杭州湾地区建设“东方香港”、在渤海出口处建设“北方香港”奠定了基础;2．为长江三角洲增加多达6000平方公里的土地;3、基本解决山东全省和辽宁南部的缺水问题。     

橡胶坝地基的防渗处理--以南阳市白河第三级橡胶坝为例

将水泥土搅拌桩技术应用于南阳市白河第三级橡胶坝，形成坝基水泥砂土搅拌悬挂式帷幕，成功地解决了南阳市第三级橡胶坝基防渗抗冲技术问题，在全国尚属首例。据此对水泥砂土搅拌的坝基水工程地质条件，抗冲防渗帷幕的设计与施工及施工中若干技术问题进行了探讨，并对应用效果与应用前景进行了分析。     

论南水北调中线工程的区际协调

有关区际协调问题的探讨，应突破目前较流行的南水北调中线区际协调的二维(受水区、调水区)系统，进一步把“调水区”维度一分为二——丹江口水库及坝上(简称坝上)和丹江库口水库坝下(简称坝下，又指汉江中下游)，在此基础上构造由受水区(X)、坝上(Y)、坝下(Z)所组成的三维系统。在三维系统中，提出南水北调中线区际协调的关键在丹江口水库坝上；在比较研究中，指出区际协调、因势利导、顺势而为的结果有可能形成“南水北调中线经济区和经济带”；根据保护水源区的要求，并结合湖北省十堰市的实际，论述了设立水源保护区的必要性，提出了设立国家南水北调中线工程水源保护区、加快对汉江——堵河流域水电资源开发、推进部西北武当山区创建有机农业示范基地、实施工程移民和生态移民并举等对策与建议。