From Pleasure Rows and Plashing Sculls to Amateur Oarswomanship: The Evolution of Women’s Amateur Rowing in Britain

Abstract

This paper considers the emergence of amateur women’s rowing between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in light of contemporaneous social norms relating to gender and sport. It does not seek to identify a foundational point for women’s rowing, nor does it offer a comprehensive survey of the development of the sport over this period. Instead, it considers women’s rowing in three key contexts: women’s university colleges, at the end of the nineteenth century; the first women-only rowing club on the Thames, established in 1896 by Dr Frederick Furnivall; and the formation of a governing body for the women’s sport in 1923. Analysis of the conditions within the sport in these environments, and their implications, leads to more nuanced consideration of the women’s sport, and of gender as a normative social construct more widely. Discussion focuses on gendered influences on sporting behaviour, manifested in institutional regulation and hegemonic authority, and the intersection of class and gender.     

Managing sport for social change: The state of play

Sport-for-development (SFD) provides a platform for sport to be used as a tool or “hook” to contribute to positive outcomes in areas including economic development, social inclusion, cultural cohesion, healthy lifestyles, education, gender equity, as well as reconciliation and peacebuilding. The area of sport for social change (SFSC) represents a sub-field of SFD that uses sport as a catalyst to build social capacity and develop socially and physically healthy communities. The Managing Sport for Social Change special issue of Sport Management Review brings together a collection of conceptual advances, empirical research papers and teaching case studies from a range of social and cultural perspectives, with a focus on managing sport for social change; aimed at engaging critically with sport management theory and praxis, and discussing associated practical and policy implications. Theoretical gaps and recommendations for future research, including: local engagement, innovative research methodology, and a broadening of the scope of research are also discussed.     

Sex,sport and justice: reframing the ‘who’ of citizenship and the ‘what’ of justice in European and UK sport policy

Universalist claims are often made about sport which is, as a consequence, increasingly written into national and international policy as an entitlement of citizenship or even human right. Further, in most countries physical education (PE) is a compulsory component of children's education, and sport is seen as central to this. Consequently, in the interests of justice sport must aspire to be egalitarian, that is, relevant to and meaningful for boys and men, and girls and women. In this context three fundamental questions are asked in relation to sport: (1) Do all citizens want to participate? (2) Who counts as a citizen? and (3) What are justice and equality? Feminist political and citizenship theory particularly the work of Pateman, Lister and Fraser is used to explore these questions and interrogate the ‘who’ of citizenship and the ‘what’ of justice in relation to framing sport policy in Europe and the UK. It is argued that notwithstanding the extensive use of the Council of Europe definition of sport,¹1. ‘“Sport” means all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels' (CE, 1992 CE. (1992/2001). European sports charter. Retrieved from https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=Rec(92)13&;Sector=secCM&;Language=lanEnglish&;Ver=rev&;BackColorInternet=9999CC&;BackColorIntranet=FFBB55&;BackColorLogged=FFAC75 [Google Scholar]–2001 CE. (1992/2001). European sports charter. Retrieved from https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=Rec(92)13&;Sector=secCM&;Language=lanEnglish&;Ver=rev&;BackColorInternet=9999CC&;BackColorIntranet=FFBB55&;BackColorLogged=FFAC75 [Google Scholar]). and despite or even because of the widespread adoption of the language of gender equality and gender mainstreaming, although formal sport citizenship rights might be accorded to all individuals and regarded as gender neutral, this masks a discourse of androcentric sport citizenship. This has captured European and UK sport policy and provision and is hindering further progress towards gender justice in sport and therefore PE. Given the universal and compulsory aspirations of sport particularly within PE, gender justice should be conceptualised not only as cultural recognition, political representation and economic redistribution within the normalised frame of competitive performance sport or ‘sport for sports sake’; but also as a critical meta-political remapping and reframing of sport as sport and physical recreation or ‘sport for all’.     

“三个转型”综合改革：新时代世界一流体育大学发展的历史选择

摘要：新时代是我国发展新的历史方位，体育强国、教育强国、健康中国三大战略为世界一流体育大学提出了新的更高要求。为此，北京体育大学提出了“三个转型”综合改革，以推进世界一流体育大学建设和高水平竞技体育后备人才培养基地建设，为国家培养勇担新时代体育事业发展重任的优秀人才。为实现上述目标，应在深刻认识“三个转型”改革提出的背景基础上，深入理解“三个转型”的内涵与目标，全面推进“三个转型”综合改革，为新时代体育、教育事业贡献北京体育大学的力量。研究背景包括：1）新时代是“三个转型”的历史坐标，2）强国战略是“三个转型”的现实依据，3）创新模式是“三个转型”的客观需要；“三个转型”分别是：1）全面推进从传统经验型体育大学向现代科技型体育大学转型，2）从以夏季项目为主的体育大学向夏季冬季项目全面发展的体育大学转型，3）从本土化体育大学向国际化体育大学转型，其目的是实现两大办学目标：1）把北京体育大学建成中国高水平竞技体育后备人才培养基地，2）把北京体育大学建设成为世界一流体育大学；为了实现“三个转型”转型及其目标，必须准确把握“办大学与建基地、文化传承与科技创新、立足中国与放眼世界”三个维度及其核心关键问题。     

不同年龄组农民体育意识和体育行为的比较研究

采用问卷调查法对不同年龄组农民保健意识、休闲方式、体育价值、体育锻炼动机、体育法规的认识、体育参与和制约因素进行了调查和分析,结果认为:农民的体育意识和体育行为均随年龄的增加成下降趋势。     

我国城镇大众体育发展的因子分析

本文借助社会科学统计软件SPSS,运用因子分析方法,从众多的影响城镇大众体育发展的指标中找出的几个主因子是教育因子、经济因子、政治因子、环境因子、自身因子、信息因子,为加快城镇大众体育发展进程提供理论依据。     

浅谈中国职业体育的劳资关系

运用文献资料法、专家访谈法和逻辑分析法,对我国职业体育劳资关系的产生和发展及管理现状进行深入分析,探讨了建立我国的职业体育劳资关系模式的对策。加强有关职业体育的立法、司法与执行,用法律来约束和管理职业体育的劳资关系,使我国职业体育的发展有一个良好的外部环境;同时,应建立职业体育联盟、运动员工会组织以及集体谈判制度,是我国职业体育劳资关系模式建立的关键。     

从《孙子》的庙算思想谈体育科技编辑审稿的若干思维艺术

兵家庙算与体育科技编辑审稿都是高级的创造性的思维活动，将兵家庙算的思维艺术移植到体育编辑审稿的思维活动中来，对编辑工作不无启迪。     

我国体育明星无形资产开发的现状及对策研究

体育明星无形资产开发对于国家体育事业的发展具有巨大的推动作用。我国体育明星无形资产的开发处于起步阶段,关于体育明星无形资产的理论研究比较缺乏,相关法律法规不健全,开发的经营管理水平低,体育中介市场不完善,我国体育明星自身素质偏低。因此,为了提高我国体育明星无形资产的开发水平,应该加强对体育明星无形资产的理论研究,建立健全体育明星无形资产开发的相关法律法规,加强体育经营实体部门对体育明星无形资产的开发,重视体育中介机构建设和体育经纪人的培养,关注体育明星综合素质的提高,处理好体育明星个人与媒体、社会的关系。同时,要注意借鉴学习国外体育明星无形资产开发的成功经验。     

Urban sportscapes: An environmental deterministic perspective on the management of youth sport participation

This paper examines sport participation from an environmental perspective by considering the dynamic role of the sportscape (built-form and supporting infrastructure) in enabling, facilitating and promoting youth sport participation. Complementing recent work by Wicker et al. (2013), we conduct a case study of the ‘geography of sport’ in the Greater Toronto Area. In the process we introduce the concept of facility ‘gravitas’ to capture the attractiveness or ‘magnetism’ of sportscape entities and thereby acknowledge the multifaceted sets of environmental factors (including the bricks-and-mortar of facilities and the supporting mechanisms such as transportation, coaches and clubs) that influence sport participation. The results demonstrate that the geography of sport is not only about where sport venue built-forms are located, but also what types of sport infrastructure are available. To develop a better understanding of sport participation it is important to assess the capacity and quality of the sportscape along with other supporting structures and facilitators. The paper points to the implications for managers and policy makers from this perspective.