Temperament and Brain Systems as Predictors of Assertive Communication Traits

Previous research has shown a relationship between measures of the big three (extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism) and similar validated measures (behavior activation scale, BAS and behavioral inhibition system, BIS) of activation and inhibition systems. The purpose of this study was to compare the extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) measures with the BAS and BIS measures to determine how well they can predict an individual's assertive communication traits. Results of this investigation indicated that the E and N measures were substantially better overall predictors of assertive communication traits.     

稀土对玉米渗透胁迫缓解效应的研究

稀土能缓解渗透胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片渗透势的降低 ,增加脯氨酸的念量 ,使膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛 ( MDA )在叶片中的积累减少 ,并且抗旱品种和不抗旱品种之间表现出明显的差异     

Examining the Construct Validity of Enacted Support: A Multitrait–Multimethod Analysis of Three Perspectives for Judging Immediacy and Listening Behaviors

Scholars of supportive communication are primarily concerned with how variations in the quality of enacted support affect individual and relational health and well-being. But who gets to determine what counts as enacted support? There is a large degree of operational heterogeneity for what gets called enacted support, but little attention has been afforded to the issue of whether these assessments are substitutable. In two studies we use self-reports, conversational partner-reports, and third-party ratings of two quintessential behavioral support indicators, namely, listening and immediacy. Using a multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) design, Study 1 found (1) little association between the enacted support assessments and (2) a high degree of common method variance. A second study found moderate-to-high degrees of effective reliability (i.e., consistency of judgments within a set of judgments, or mean judgments) for enacted support evaluations from the perspective of unacquainted and untrained third-party judges. In general, our data provide cautionary evidence that when scholars examine evaluations of enacted support, perspective matters and might ultimately contribute differently to well-being and health.     

Ti60合金镦锻过程的有限元模拟

采用刚塑性有限元法,对Ti60合金锭坯镦粗过程进行了有限元模拟,重点分析了锭坯各部分应力、应变的分布变化规律.结果表明:锻锤对锭坯端面的温降有较大的影响,应尽量避免长时间接触,以免端表面塑性严重下降,产生裂纹,间断镦锻有利于改善镦粗效果;端面、表面是高应力区,是加工缺陷的多发区,尤其是端面与表面交界处同时又是高应变区,极易出现缺陷,倒角处理有缓解作用;端面附近存在较大的变形死区,需要在后续工艺改善该区变形量,换向镦拔可以提高锭坯整体的变形均匀度,有利于成品的综合性能.本文模拟结果可以为钛合金镦粗工艺设计提供参考.     

Short report Further efforts in validating a 'spurning scale' for teachers

The present study represents our continuing effort to validate a 'spurning scale' for teachers, based on a model on spurned helpers' reactions. Three approaches were used to examine the validity of the scale: the spurning scores of teachers working with more achieving students vs the scores of teachers teaching less achieving students. The relationships between the spurning scores and job satisfaction and turnover scores; and the relationships between the spurning scores and scores indicative of stress arising from interactions with one's students and supervisor. Serving teachers in Hong Kong responded to a questionnaire that contained the variables of interest. The results provided further evidence for the validity of the scale.     

Childhood neglect and increased withdrawal and depressive severity in crack cocaine users during early abstinence

Studies have shown that environmental factors, such as exposure to childhood maltreatment, might shift the course of addiction. Little is known, however, about whether childhood physical neglect (PN) influences the severity of withdrawal and depressive symptoms during the detoxification period. This is a 3 weeks follow-up study. The participants were divided into 2 groups: those with a history of PN (PN+) (n = 32) and those without a history of PN (PN−) (n = 48). Clinical variables were assessed with the SCID-I, BDI-II, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Addiction Severity Index and Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment. Depressive symptom assessments were repeated at three time points. Withdrawal symptom assessments were repeated at five different points following detoxification. A repeated measures analysis of covariance indicated that the PN+ group exhibited a significantly lower reduction in the severity of withdrawal symptoms compared to the PN− group (p < 0.05). Post hoc analyses showed that after 12 days of treatment, the severity of withdrawal symptoms in the PN+ group did not decrease in the same level as was observed in the PN− group. Moreover, a strong correlation was found between the severity of depression and the intensity of the abstinence symptoms during treatment. Patients who reported more depressive symptoms also exhibited more severe withdrawal symptoms. The ASI-6 indicated higher severity problems related to alcohol and psychiatric disorders in the PN+ groups. Our data support the role of childhood PN in the contingencies of the detoxification process of crack cocaine-dependent women.     

某型安装支架的疲劳寿命分析

某设备通过安装支架固定在飞机座舱中,在飞机大幅度、长时间的剧烈振动下,支架结构在薄弱点处发生断裂。采用Catia和UG对该设备及其安装支架建立三维模型,对设备装配的振动模态、安装支架的应力分布及安装支架尺寸对疲劳寿命的影响进行了分析和计算。计算结果表明,侧壁厚度对支架寿命影响很小,Z向振动是导致安装支架断裂的主要原因,断裂发生在Z向应力集中处。计算结果与故障现象一致。     

Stress and the higher education student: a critical review of the literature

The available research indicates that the prevalence of stress is increasing among students studying in higher education. Issues such as student retention and student progression are becoming increasingly important for all universities. There are a significant number of studies that have examined stress and this paper critically reviews that research and identifies several issues that as yet have not been explored. The paper also highlights a number of key weaknesses in the current literature base. In previous studies there has been a focus on a quantitative approach, and research studies have been restricted to using as subjects individuals from a narrow range of disciplines. It is also suggested that there is a need to undertake longitudinal research to investigate individuals' stress experiences during the period they study at university.     

Being left out: rejecting outsiders and communicating group boundaries in childhood and adolescent peer groups

Although communication scholars have examined adult group processes, they have paid little attention to the peer group experiences of children and adolescents. Successfully gaining entry to peer groups is significant, in that rejection in childhood affects self-concept, social skills, and school successes. Guided by a bona fide groups perspective, this study collected over 600 adolescent accounts of group rejection. Narrative accounts revealed five strategies peer groups used to communicate rejection (Ignoring, Disqualifying, Insulting, Blaming, and Creating New Rules). Rejection was stressful for observers as well as rejectees, with females, Caucasians, and regularly-excluded students reporting highest levels. Females and those frequently rejected reported the most stress when observing the rejection of others. Specific interventions are discussed for primary and middle-school teachers to stimulate prosocial group inclusion.     

Associations between sexual abuse and family conflict/violence, self-injurious behavior, and substance use: the mediating role of depressed mood and anger

Objective

To examine whether depressed mood and anger mediate the effects of sexual abuse and family conflict/violence on self-injurious behavior and substance use.

Methods

A cross-sectional national survey was conducted including 9,085 16-19 year old students attending all high schools in Iceland in 2004. Participants reported frequency of sexual abuse, family conflict/violence, self-injurious behavior, substance use, depressed mood, and anger.

Results

Sexual abuse and family conflict/violence had direct effects on self-injurious behavior and substance use among both genders, when controlling for age, family structure, parental education, anger, and depressed mood. More importantly, the indirect effects of sexual abuse and family conflict/violence on self-injurious behavior among both males and females were twice as strong through depressed mood as through anger, while the indirect effects of sexual abuse and family conflict/violence on substance use were only significant through anger.

Conclusions

These results indicate that in cases of sexual abuse and family conflict/violence, substance use is similar to externalizing behavior, where anger seems to be a key mediating variable, opposed to internalizing behavior such as self-injurious behavior, where depressed mood is a more critical mediator.

Practice implications

Practical implications highlight the importance of focusing on a range of emotions, including depressed mood and anger, when working with stressed adolescents in prevention and treatment programs for self-injurious behavior and substance use.